1. Writing Workshop: Using Signal Phrases
When we write with the intention of using direct textual evidence to support our topic sentences, we must use signal phrases.
A signal phrase allows the audience to know that you are about to cite someone else’s work. It provides cohesiveness in writing.
We have to ICE our quotes!

2. We have to ICE our quotes!

3. What does it mean to ICE your quote?
I = introduce
To provide background information for your evidence. If this is the first time you are using your source, please introduce it here.
C= Cite
Cite your quote correctly
Quotation mark/ quote/ comma OR end punctuation/ quotation mark/ parenthesis/ author last name ( or article title if there isn’t one)/ page number/ parenthesis/ period.
E= Explain
Why and how does your evidence support your topic sentence, which supports your thesis!

4. Writing Workshop: Signal Phrases/ Citing Work
When you are using direct evidence from someone else’s work, you have to state the article name and author name the first time you use it.
After that, you only have to state the author’s name either in the signal phrase or in the citation.

5. Signal Phrase Options- Persuasive Writing
In the article “ Article Title Here” by Author, he/she writes… (first time you use the article only)
The author writes, “…
In the article, it states, “ …
This is shown when, “…

6. Example: (Please write completely)
First time the article is used:
In the article, “ Anti-Smoking Battle Moves Outdoors; Bans Increase,” it states, “ studies have clearly established that even a brief exposure indoors to cigarette smoke can cause blood to become sticky and more prone to clotting” ( Stobbe 1).

7. Example
Subsequent times the article is used:
Some people may argue that smoking is not harmful. For example, critics argue, “ only two kinds of people may face a serious health risk outdoors– those with sever asthma and staff at outdoor cafes where smoking is allowed” ( Stobbe 2).

8. Sentence Outline Element Definition Example Topic Sentence I C E
Synthesis

9. Analysis Vs. Summarizing
Analyze
Definition: examine methodically and in detail the constitution or structure of (something, especially information), typically for purposes of explanation and interpretation
Summarize
Definition: to tell (information) again using fewer words

10. What does it mean to explain my evidence?
The explanation of evidence is critical for a clear essay.
When we explain, we are answering several questions:
How does the evidence I’ve chosen support the topic sentence for this paragraph?
Why does this evidence support the topic sentence?
How does my evidence strengthen my argument?
How does this support my thesis?

11. Explanation Sentence Starters
This indicates…
This implies…
The author is showing…
It is evident that…
The author is making it clear…

12. Counter Argument
The purpose of a counter argument is to recognize the opposite side, but then use it to strengthen your argument. This is critical!

13. Counter Argument Sentence Stems
Critics may argue that…
Although some would say… this doesn’t mean…
Others may say that… however,…
A common argument may be…
While some researchers say… ,