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Biological Classification of Living Things

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Presentation on theme: "Biological Classification of Living Things"— Presentation transcript:

1 Biological Classification of Living Things
Taxonomy Biological Classification of Living Things

2 Bill Nye Classification
copyright cmassengale

3 copyright cmassengale
Phylogenic Tree COMMON ANCESTRY Protocell copyright cmassengale

4 Classify To put in groups by similarity To put in order
It’s human nature!!

5 What is Classification?
Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as Taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale

6 copyright cmassengale
Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse” ? misnomers copyright cmassengale

7 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
copyright cmassengale

8 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists
copyright cmassengale

9 Classification Why?

10 copyright cmassengale
Early Taxonomists copyright cmassengale

11 First Proposed by Carolus Linnaeus
18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today

12 Apis mellifera Carolus Linnaeus “Father of Taxonomy”
Binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) Apis mellifera copyright cmassengale

13 copyright cmassengale
Standardized Naming Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Italicize when typing Homo sapiens Turdus migratorius American Robin copyright cmassengale

14 copyright cmassengale

15 copyright cmassengale
1. The Florida Panther was once considered to be a subspecies of cougars and given a special trinomial taxonomy of Puma concolor coryi. Current scientists however, have studied the Florida Panther and removed the subspieces classification to only Puma concolor. Which of the following would most likely explain why the classification closer relationship between the Florida Panther and other cougars. A. New genetic evidence suggests a much closer relationship between the Florida Panther and other cougars. B. Advanced technologies have shown a large difference in cell structure between the Florida Panther and other cougars. DNA W.A.R copyright cmassengale

16 2. According to the biological definition of a species, which organisms listed below would belong to the same species? a. Protists that are the same shape and have the same structures for movement b. Plants that have flowers with the same structures that attract the same pollinators c. Animals that can breed and produce fertile offspring d. Mushrooms that are the same color and can grow on trees W.A.R

17 3. Which of these is most closely related to the oak weevil?

18 Classification Groups
Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species copyright cmassengale

19 Levels of Modern Classification

20 3 Domain System

21 Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes have cells with NO nucleus. Eukaryotes have cells with a nucleus.

22 W.A.R 1. Prokaryotic organisms make up the
A) Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Protists B) Archaebacteria and Protists C) Protists and Eubacteria D) Protists E) Eubacteria and Archaebacteria W.A.R

23 2-domain, 4-kingdom system of classification
Domains: Eubacteria Archeabacteria Eukaryota: Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Eukaryota

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25 copyright cmassengale
Classification Rap copyright cmassengale

26 Punctuated Equilibrium
Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium

27 Cladogram of Living Domains

28 Cladograms May be More Specific

29 According to this chart, the insects that are most closely related are the
a. springtails and bristletails b. springtails and proturans c. bristletails and mayflies d. dragonflies and proturans.

30 Levels of Linnaean Classification

31 Domain (Eukaryote) Dear King Phillip Came Over From Germany saturday

32 4. Which one of the following sequences shows the correct hierarchy of classification, going from the most inclusive to the least inclusive? A) Kingdom, Domain, Phylum, Order, Class, Family, Genus, Species B) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species C) Genus, Species, Kingdom, Phylum, Order, Class, Family D) Species, Genus, Family, Class, Order, Phylum, Kingdom E) Domain, Phylum, Kingdom, Genus, Species, Family, Order, Class D.K.P.C.O.F.G.S

33 copyright cmassengale
Arthropods are joint-legged animals. Spiders, crabs, pill bugs, centipedes, and millipedes are examples of the many types of Arthropods. Which of these Arthropods are most closely related? A Arthropods of the same family B Arthropods of the same class C Arthropods of the same genus D Arthropods of the same species D.K.P.C.O.F.G.S copyright cmassengale

34 Comparative Taxonomy Example
Common Name Cat Human Stone Crab Live Oak Tree Step Throat bacteria Domain Eukaryota Bacteria Kingdom Animalia Plantae Eubacteria Phylum (Division) Chordata Arthropoda Magnolio-phyta Firmicutes Class Mammalia Crustacea Magnoli-opsida Bacilli Order Carnivora Primates Decapoda Fagales Lactobacillales Family Felidae Hominidae Menippidae Fagaceae Strepto-coccaceae Genus Felis Homo Menippe Quercus Streptococcus species catus sapien mercenaria virginiana pyogenes

35 copyright cmassengale
Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale

36 Example of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale

37 copyright cmassengale

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39 copyright cmassengale
Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukaryota are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles copyright cmassengale

40 Kingdom Chart Fill in Chart from PPT

41

42 Nutrition Acquisition
Kingdom Name Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Picture Example Organisms Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermophiles, Psychrophiles Bacteria, Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Amoebae, green algae, brown algae, diatoms, euglena, slime molds Mushrooms, yeast, molds Mosses, angiosperms (flowering plants), gymnosperms, liverworts, ferns Mammals, amphibians, sponges, insects, worms Cell Type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Nutrition Acquisition Absorption or chemosynthesis absorption, photosynthesis, or ingestion. Absorption Photosynthesis Ingestion Reproduction Asexual Asexual & Sexual Sexual

43 copyright cmassengale
ARCHAEA- ANCIENT 1st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Heterotrophs Unicellular Cell Wall- Polysacharrides. * Chemosynthetic – Deep Sea Vents Prokaryote copyright cmassengale

44 copyright cmassengale
ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale

45 Harsh /Extreme Conditions
Halophiles (like salt) Thermophiles (like heat) Harsh /Extreme Conditions

46 copyright cmassengale
EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. Prokaryote copyright cmassengale

47 Eubacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Autotrophic-
*Cyanobacteria- blue green algae- produce 02 Heterotrophic Cell walls made of peptidoglycan Can be aerobic (require oxygen) or anaerobic (don’t need oxygen)   E. Coli Prokaryote

48 Live in the intestines of animals
PROKARYOTE E. Coli copyright cmassengale

49 Domain Eukarya is Divided into 4 Kingdoms
Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) EuKARYOTE copyright cmassengale

50 copyright cmassengale
Protista Eukaryote Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic EuKARYOTE Didn’t Fit copyright cmassengale

51 Eukaryote Paramecium Amoeba Rotifer Algae
Classified by the way they move (cilia, flagella, pseudopodia...) Algae Paramecium Euglena

52 2. Many protists are single-celled organisms, as are bacteria
2. Many protists are single-celled organisms, as are bacteria. However, protists and bacteria are in different biological kingdoms. Which of the following comparisons of protists and bacteria is NOT true? A. Both protists and bacteria can be motile. B. Both protists and bacteria are microorganisms. C. Protists are eukaryotes, while bacteria are prokaryotes. D. Protists may be photosynthetic, but bacteria cannot be photosynthetic. W.A.R

53 Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients
Fungi Eukaryote Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (absorb nutrients with filimants) Cell walls made of chitin Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients

54 Mold Mushrooms Ringworm Truffles Yeast

55 Eukaryote Plantae cellulose Autotrophic Contain chlorophyll
Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose–C6H12O6 Photosynthesis- O2 Cell walls made of cellulose Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death. Contain chlorophyll inside of chloroplasts

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57 copyright cmassengale
Animalia Multicellular Ingest Food heterotrophs Feed on plants or animals -Motile Eukaryote copyright cmassengale

58

59

60 Compare what you see in the
6 Kingdoms -4 min. Compare what you see in the video to your chart copyright cmassengale

61 copyright cmassengale
CUBE 1 Protista Eukaryote Unicellular /Multicellular Eubacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Heterotroph & Autotroph Archeabacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Heterotroph Chemosynthesis Harsh copyright cmassengale

62 copyright cmassengale
CUBE 2 Animalia Eukaryote Motile Heterotroph Plantae Fungi Eukaryote Unicellular & Multicellular Heterotroph Cell Wall -Chitin Autotroph Decomposer Name_ copyright cmassengale

63 copyright cmassengale
3.The single-celled organism shown below uses a whip-like flagellum to move. The organism has a nucleus and organelles surrounded by a membrane. The organism also has chloroplasts and a cell wall. To which kingdom does the organism belong? Animalia Bacteria C. Eubacteria D. Protista W.A.R copyright cmassengale

64 copyright cmassengale
4. Early biologists thought that sponges were plants. What evidence supports this classification? a. Sponges have specialized cells. b. Sponges prey on small animals. c. Sponges carry out photosynthesis. Sponges move very slowly if they move at all. W.A.R copyright cmassengale

65 copyright cmassengale
5. Today, biologists classify sponges as animals rather than plants. What evidence supports today’s classification? a. Sponges have asymmetry. b. Sponges do not have a backbone. c. Sponges cannot make their own food. d. Sponges do not have tissues or organs. W.A.R copyright cmassengale

66 copyright cmassengale
6. Scientists used to group fungi with plants. Which of the following is a major factor that determines why fungi are not classified as part of the plant kingdom? A. Fungi do not have leaves. B. Fungi grow close to the ground. C. Fungi can reproduce either sexually or asexually. D. Fungi are heterotrophs, but plants are autotrophs. W.A.R copyright cmassengale

67 copyright cmassengale
7. A biologist has just discovered a new life form. The newly described organism is multicellular, does not carry on photosynthesis, and absorbs nutrients from the environment. It is composed of eukaryotic cells with cell walls. In which kingdom would the organism be classified? Plant Animal Bacteria Fungi W.A.R copyright cmassengale

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