1. Integrated Approaches to Land and Water Management
Lessons from Turkey

2. Global Perspectives on Watershed Management
First generation (1970s and 80s): top down, engineered solutions, little consultation
Second generation (1990s): community participation, local involvement, working from menus of options
…. What’s the next generation?

3. Experience in Turkey
Eastern Anatolia Watershed Rehabilitation Project, now closed, was a classic second generation project which had significant positive impacts.

4. Poverty and Forests in Turkey

9. Second project (Anatolia Watershed Rehabilitation Project) was a second generation ‘plus’ project
….. What was the ‘plus’?

10. Significant differences from the previous project
1. Institutions: widened involvement of public sector institutions (MEF and MARA: TÜGEM,OGM, ORKÖY, KKGM, AGM, SPAs, and CYGM)

11. Significant differences from the previous project
2. Very strong focus on service delivery: to poor communities in upland catchments

12. Significant differences from the previous project
3. Linkages: between upstream and downstream interests
Upstream interests: jobs, income generation, access to resources (forests, pastures, irrigation) [High poverty rates]

16. Significant differences from the previous project
3. Linkages: between upstream and downstream interests
Downstream interests: livestock improvement, manure management, crop productivity [Lower poverty rates]

17. Adding to the menu of options
Capitalizing on local interests in animal health and hygiene
Introducing integrating manure management systems which return compost to crops/pastures
Reducing and controlling water pollution into the Black Sea
Reducing nitrate levels in groundwater

20. Manure management measures

22. Some lessons Centrality of community institutions in decision making
Organizing multiple government institutions to focus on service delivery in poor communities (convening power of the Bank)
Impact of introducing marginal technical improvements for managing manure
Animal hygiene
Local hygiene
Nitrate pollution reduction
Access to composted manure

23. What about climate change?
Warming is already evident (3ºC over last 50 years in western Mediterranean)
Winter precipitation since 1950 has decreased by about 20 percent
Projected impacts on Turkey of global 2ºC temperature rise include:
changes in seasonal rainfall
more dry days per year
outcome will have impacts on agriculture

24. Changes in seasonal rainfall

25. Increase in the number of dry days

26. The challenges
Scaling up: 65 percent of total rural land is degraded. Current operation is a ‘micro-pilot,’ covering 28 microcatchments. As many as 2000 could use similar treatment
Poor understanding of impacts on hydrology – increasingly critical to have this understanding as climate change impacts are felt
Medium term challenge of mitigating climate change impacts