2. Sustainable Energy Technologies MSE0290
Hydro energy
Eduard Latõšov

3. Contents
Nature of hydro energy
Resources
Utilisation
Technologies
Planning
Summary

4. Nature of hydro energy

5. The mechanical power of falling water
Nature of hydro energy
The mechanical power of falling water
Energy of waves
Tidal

6. Nature of hydro energy The mechanical power of falling water
Source:

7. Pth = ρ q g h Nature of hydro energy
The mechanical power of falling water
The theoretically power available from falling water can be expressed as:
Pth = ρ q g h        
where
Pth = power theoretically available (W)
ρ = density (kg/m3) (~ 1000 kg/m3 for water)
q = water flow (m3/s)
g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2)
h = falling height, head (m)
almost constant

8. Pth = ρ q g h Nature of hydro energy
The mechanical power of falling water
Pth = ρ q g h  
Max. consumption in Estonia ~ 1500 MW

9. Nature of hydro energy
Tidal energy

10. Nature of hydro energy
Tidal energy
Example. Case specific data.

11. Wave is mainly formed by wind
Nature of hydro energy
Wave energy
Wave is mainly formed by wind

12. Utilisation

13. Utilisation Global electricity generation by fuel, 1973-2010
Hydro energy provides 16.3% of the world's electricity (about TWh in 2010), more than nuclear power (12.8%), and much more than wind, solar, geothermal and other sources combined (3.6%), but much less than fossil fuel plants (67.2%).
(IEA, 2012a).
HYDRO ENERGY
Source:

14. Utilisation
Hydropower producers

15. Utilisation
Hydroelectricity generation,

16. Utilisation
Electricity generation from recent additions to hydropower (left) and other renewables (right)

17. Utilisation
Cumulative technology contributions to power sector emission reductions in ETP 2014 hi-Ren Scenario, relative to 6DS, up to 2050
2010 ~16%

18. Technologies

19. The mechanical power of falling water
Technologies
DIFFERENT!
The mechanical power of falling water
Energy of waves
Tidal

20. Technologies HYDROPOWER PLANT HYDROELECTRIC STATION
The mechanical power of falling water
HYDROPOWER PLANT
HYDROELECTRIC STATION

21. Technologies
The mechanical power of falling water

22. Technologies
The mechanical power of falling water

23. Technologies PELTON. Francis KAPLAN.
Turbine types
PELTON.
impulse TURBINE
Francis
IMPULSE/reaction TURBINE
KAPLAN.
reaction TURBINE
A reaction turbine - reacting to the pressure or weight of a fluid.
Impulse turbine – kinetic energy by passing through a nozzle

24. Technologies Kaplan Turbine types Kaplan KEY WORDS: AXIAL INFLOW
AXIAL OUTFLOW
ADJUSTIBLE BLADES
SHIP SCREW

25. Technologies Francis Turbine types Francis KEY WORDS: RADIAL INFLOW
AXIAL OUTFLOW
NONADJUSTIBLE BLADES
Source:

26. Technologies WATER PRESSURE TO KINETIC Turbine types Pelton
IMPULSE TURBINE
WATER PRESSURE TO KINETIC

27. Technologies Different constructions:
Turbine types
Pelton
Different constructions:
Single jet, multi jet, horizontal, vertical

28. Pump storage hydropower plant

29. Pump storage hydropower plant
Principles of operation

30. Pump storage hydropower plant
Example
Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant

31. Tidal energy
Principles of operation

32. Tidal energy From design to practice ANDRITZ HS300 Tidal Turbine

33. Tidal energy Main references
Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station, South Korea - 254MW
The $355.1m tidal power project was built between 2003 and Daewoo Engineering & Construction was the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contractor for the project. The annual generation capacity of the facility is 552.7GWh.
La Rance Tidal Power Plant, France - 240MW
The 240MW La Rance tidal power plant on the estuary of the Rance River in Brittany, France, has been operational since 1966 making it the world's oldest and second biggest tidal power station. The renewable power plant, currently operated by Électricité de France (EDF), has an annual generation capacity of 540GWh.
MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Scotland - 86MW
MeyGen Tidal Energy Project located in the Inner Sound of the Pentland Firth off the north coast of Caithness, Scotland, is currently the world's biggest underwater tidal turbine power project under development.
Source:

34. Wave energy
Principles of operation

35. Wave energy Reference power plant
More information:

36. Planning

37. Planning
LCOE
Minimum and maximum LCOE for selected electricity generating technologies
DIFFERENCE x 10 !!!

38. Summary Disdvantages Cons
Disturbance of habitat. The formation of large and huge dams destroys the living beings around them. Local life is disturbed. People living nearby have to relocate.
Installation costs. Although the effective cost is zero but the manufacturing and building a dam and installation of the turbines is very costly due to which many countries do not employ this alternative source of energy. If the initial cost had been less; then it would have used more commonly.
Limited use. As the hydroelectric power is produced by the water which depend on the yearly rain falls so only those areas can use this method which receives a good amount of rainfall water because this method needs a huge reservoir of water.
Divert natural waterway. Dams and rivers collect water for the production of electricity which alters the natural system of water flow thus depriving houses of the water they need.
Effects on agriculture. Making dams on rivers affect the amount, quality and temperature of water that flow in streams which has drastic effects on agriculture and drinking water.
Fish killing. The water while flowing through the dam collects nitrogen which can damage and also kills fish. They can also damage the reproduction of fishes thus eliminating the whole species of fishes.
Disputes between people. Changing the river pathway and shortage of water can cause serious disputes between people.
Breaking of dams. Many dams which were built for industrial use or for mills are not now used and occupying a great space but they can’t be broken or removed as it would cause serious flooding. This would not only affect the humans but also many buildings and property.

39. Summary Advantages Pros: reliability proven technology
large storage capacity
very low operating and maintenance costs
hydropower is highly flexible
many hydropower plants also provide flood control, irrigation, navigation and freshwater supply.
a precious asset for electricity network operators, especially given rapid expansion of variable generation from other renewable energy technologies such as wind power and photovoltaics.

40. Reliability, proven technology. Anti- example.
The Sayano-Shushenskaya dam hydro-electric power station accident due to Turbine Failure (2009)

41. Reliability, proven technology.
Anti- example.
The Sayano-Shushenskaya dam hydro-electric power station

42. Any questions?