1. Bell/Payday!
List all of the Functions of the
Skeletal System

2. Skeletal System Explain the structure of the bones.
Analyze the function of the skeletal system
Discuss characteristics and treatment of common skeletal disorders.

3. 206 bones in the body
"OSTEO" because that is the Greek word for bone
"endo-" means within or into
peri-" means around

4. Video segment
Functions of the Skeletal System
(United streaming)

5. FUNCTIONS Supports body and provides shape. Protects internal organs.
Movement and anchorage of muscles.
Mineral storage. (Calcium and phorphorus)
Hemopoiesis

6. 1) OSTEOCYTE – mature bone cell.
2) osteoblasts Bone-forming cells
are cuboidal and columnar in shape with a central nucleus found on the bone surface. .
*They come from bone marrow precursor cells.
*The job of osteoblasts is to make the proteins that will form the organic matrix of bone and to control mineralization of the bone *They have receptors for hormones such as vitamin D, estrogen, and parathyroid hormone. *They secrete factors that activate osteoclasts
1) OSTEOCYTE – mature bone cell.
* live inside the bone and have long branches which allow them to contact each other as well as the lining cells on the bone surface. * are in a perfect position to sense any mechanical strain on the bone. * can secrete growth factors which activate the lining cells or stimulate the osteoblasts. * Their exact role is still under investigation, but probably the osteocytes direct bone remodeling to accomodate mechanical strain and repair fatigue damage.
3) osteoclasts  Cells that remove material to form the central cavity in a long bone

7. BONE FORMATION
Week 8:  Every organ is in place, bones begin to replace cartilage, and fingerprints begin to form.  By the 8th week the baby can begin to hear.       
Embryo skeletal starts as osteoblasts
(primitive embryonic cells) – then change to cartilage.
At 8 weeks, OSSIFICATION begins. (Mineral matter begins to replace cartilage)
Infant bones soft because
ossification not complete at birth.
FONTANEL - Soft spot on baby’s head

8. STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE DIAPHYSIS – shaft EPIPHYSES – ends
MEDULLARY CAVITY – center of shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fat cells, also cells that form white blood cells.
ENDOSTEUM – lines marrow cavity
Shaft is made of COMPACT BONE –
ends are SPONGY BONE- cells form a network with spaces between area of bone. Light/strong.Ends contain red marrow where red blood cells are made.
PERIOSTEUM – tough, outside covering of bone – contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves. Ability to multiply, grow and repair.

9. ossification The process by which embryonic cartilage is replaced with bone.

10. Hemopoiesis 1. White blood cells made in yellow marrow
2. Red blood cells made in red marrow

11. Bell
Complete “Know your Bones”

12. Articular Cartilage 1. Thin layer covers the epiphysis 2
Articular Cartilage 1. Thin layer covers the epiphysis 2. Acts as a shock absorber when two bones meet to form a joint

13. Grow a Bone Listen for instructions When the bone is complete label….
Red Marrow Cavity
Epiphysis
Yellow Marrow
Periostium
Diaphysis
Articular Cartilage

14. Long Bone Follow-up You can pick up your graded work in the back!
Label D-Completed as homework, place on desk so that I can see your completed work!
Complete Know your Bones

15. Bellringer Write down to the four categories of bone by shape/type
List at least 2 examples under each category
Read pg 86 & see page 96

16. Bone Types Bones are classified as – long bones, - short bones,
- flat bones,
- irregular bones

17. Adult : Anterior View

18. Adult: Posterior View

19. Lateral View

20. AXIAL & APPENDICULAR SKELETON
AXIAL – skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, hyoid
APPENDICULAR – shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs

21. Skull 2 nasal-sm bones bridge/nose 1 vomer-nose,lower septum
2 inferior concha-
sidewall/nose
2 maxilla-form upper jaw
2 lacrimal-inner aspects of eye (tear ducts)
2 zygomatic- cheek bones
2 palatine-roof of mouth
1 mandible-jaw/moves
1 frontal-forehead
2 parietal-sides
2 temporal-tempels
1 occipital-above neck
1 ethmoid-between eyes/nasal septum
1 sphenoid-key bone of skull/ all bones are connected

22. Spine – Vertebral Column Encloses the spinal cord
Vertebrae – separated by pads of cartilage = intervertebral discs
Cervical vertebrae (7)
Atlas-#1 YES
Axis #2 NO
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Lumbar vertebrae (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx

23. Vertebral column 1. Encloses spinal cord
Separated by pads of cartilage
= intervertebral discs

24. Ribs and Sternum Did you know ?
Sternum divided into 3 parts –
(1) Manubrium-upper portion
(2) Body-center
(3)tip is XIPHOID PROCESS
Attached to the vertebra on the dorsal side of the body
12 pairs of Ribs – first 7 are true ribs – connected to sternum by cartilage
next 3 are false ribs – cartilage connects them to 7th rib (not sternum)
next 2 are floating
Did you know ?
Both sexes have an equal number of ribs, 24 to be exact.

25. Bell Let’s get ready for that terminology test!
Complete the worksheet “Applying Medical Terminology”
Be ready to take the final quiz…prefixes!

26. Bell ringer/payday… list the 3 divisions of the vertebral column
list the 3 divisions of the sternum
list the 3 divisions of the of the ribs
4) Describe the difference in the AXIAL and the APPENDICULAR skeletal system.

27. Small groups Draw and label (fill the paper from edge to edge)
Cranium/skull
Face
Top 1/3 vertebra
Middle 1/3 vertebra
Bottom 1/3 vertebra
Sacrum and Coccyx
Top 1/3 ribs
Middle 1/3 ribs
Bottom ribs
sternum

28. Appendicular Skeleton BLUE

29. Upper extremity/Appendicular
clavicle – (2) curved collar bone
scapula – (2) triangular shaped shoulder blade
Permit attachment of muscles that help arms move
humerus – upper arm
2nd largest bone in the body
Radius- lower arm, thumb side
Ulna – lower arm (larger)
Olecranan-projection/elbow. Nerve, funny bone.

30. Left lower arm/Appendicular
Total of 27 bones ea hand
carpals –(8) wrist bones – held together by ligaments
metacarpals –(5) hand bones
phalanges –(14) fingers
Thumb most flexible,end of metacarpal is rounded and muscles attached from the hand. Can extend across palm

31. Bell
Look over your foldable…Medical terms. You need to know about pronunciation, how a prefix/suffix can change the meaning!

32. Lower Extremity/Appendicular
pelvis – 3 bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) next slide
femur – upper leg, longest and strongest bone in body
Tibia- longest supporting bone of the lower leg fibula – lower leg
patella – kneecap Appears 2-3 yrs female 6 yrs male. Ossifies puberty.4 bursae cushion knee joint

33. Anerior view pelvis
– 3 bones
ilium
ischium
pubis

34. Ankle and Foot/Appendicular
tarsal bones – ankle
calcaneus – heel bone
metatarsals – foot bones
Phalanges-14bones Distal, Middle, Proximal

35. Complete
Broken Bones …goes with back page “know your bones”

36. Bell
Text pages answer only 2,3,5,6,10,11, 12,13,14, 15, 15, 17, 18,and 19

37. Draw and label… Stick with the R side of the body…. Shoulder girdle
Humerus
Radius/Ulna
Hand
Pelvic girdle
Femur
Tibia/Fibula
Foot

38. Let’s Build a Skeleton
Draw( to the edges of your paper) and Label/Remember anatomical position…color!
1) Skull
2) Shoulder and arm (L)
3) Wrist and hand (L)
4) Ribs Left side only
5) Pelvic girdle and femur (L)
6) Tibia/Fibula (L)
7) Vertebra
8) Ankle/foot (L)
9) Ball/Socket pg 104
10) Hinge pg 104
11) Pivot pg 104
12 Gliding pg 104

39. Bell
Complete worksheet, Critical thinking

40. FUNCTIONS Supports body and provides shape. Protects internal organs.
Movement and anchorage of muscles.
Mineral storage. (Calcium and phosphorus)
Hemopoiesis

41. Movement and anchorage of muscles.
1. Abduction and adduction
2. Circumduction and rotation
3. Flexion and extension
4. Pronation and supination

42. JOINTS
Joints are points of contact between 2 bones – classified according to movement:
SYNOVIAL FLUID – lubricating substance in joints
BALL AND SOCKET JOINT – bone with ball-shaped head fits into concave socket of 2nd bone. Shoulders and hips.
HINGE JOINTS – move in one direction or plane. Knees, elbows, outer joints of fingers.
PIVOT JOINT – those with an extension rotate on a 2nd, arch shaped bone. Radius and ulna, atlas and axis.
GLIDING JOINTS – flat surfaces glide across each other. Vertebrae of spine.
SUTURE – immovable joint. Skull.

43. Do this at home and bring in
on_________
Build and label the components of a joint. Label the bone above and below.
Tell the type of joint
Not to be made with paper, or ready made hinge.

44. 3 Kinds of Joints Synarthroses-no movement
Ampiarthrosis-slight Movement
Diarthrosis-free movement

45. – classified according to movement:

46. Right Knee Joint: Anterior View

48. Bell
Complete A Matter of Movement
Ok to use notes/text

49. Bell-payday pick one that you did NOT do yesterday!
Briefly Research a:
Radiologist
Radiologic Technologist
Physical Therapist
Physical Therapy Assistant (LPTA)
Resources: NC Health Careers and text
Education required
Work environment
Salary Range
Educational programs
(2) Certificates
(2) Assoc Degree
(2) Bachelors

50. Disorders of the Bones and Joints
FRACTURE – a break
GREENSTICK – in children, bone bent and splintered but never completely separates
Treated by:
CLOSED REDUCTION – cast or splint applied
OPEN REDUCTION – surgical intervention with devices such as wires, metal plates or screws to hold the bones in alignment (internal fixation)
Traction…next slide

51. Traction
TRACTION – pulling force used to hold the bones in place – used for fractures of long bones

52. Types of Bone Fractures

53. Components of Total Hip and Total Knee Replacement

54. Arthroplasty: (A) total hip replacement; (B) total knee replacement
Arthroplasty: (A) total hip replacement; (B) total knee replacement. A strong plastic called polyethylene takes the place of articular cartilage, preventing friction between bones.

55. Degenerative changes in the cartilage of the knee.

56. Assignment
Complete Fractures worksheet

57. Abnormal curvatures of the spine:
KYPHOSIS – hunchback
LORDOSIS – swayback
SCOLIOSIS – lateral curvature

58. Which one???
scoliosis.

59. Which one???
Kyphosis

60. Diagnosis and Treatment:
ARTHROSCOPY – examination into joint using arthroscope with fiber optic lens, most knee injuries treated with arthroscopy.

61. Skeletal System disorders…
DISLOCATION – bone displaced from proper position in joint
SPRAIN – sudden or unusual motion, ligaments torn but joint not dislocated
STRAIN – overstretching or tearing muscle

62. ARTHRITIS – inflammation of one or more joints
Diseases of Bones
ARTHRITIS – inflammation of one or more joints

63. Bell/assignment
Starting on page 106 list at least 2 facts about each heading…
1) Disorders/trauma to Bones and Joints
2) Diseases… Arthritis etc.
3) Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine
4) Osteoporosis
5) Osteomyelitis

64. carrousel Listen for and remember your assigned number
Stay in your assigned group
Group one one…and so forth
1) Disorders/trauma to Bones and Joints
2) Diseases… Arthritis etc.
3) Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine
4) Osteoporosis
5) Osteomyelitis
Each group writes 2 facts about the topic (do not repeat)
We will rotate counter clockwise every 2 minutes

65. Workbook Workbook Pages 72-73 T and U Page 75 # 5
(make sure above is complete)
NEW
Matching Page from text

66. Bell
What is the function of intervertebral disks?

67. Bell Using the NC Health Careers book
Explore 2 more careers that you think A Health care professional interested in the Skeleton would choose
Example: Physical therapist
Occupational therapist
Licensed Physical Therapy Assistant
Certified Athletic Trainer
Radiologist
Radiologist Assistant
***************************************
Areas of Specialization
Work Environment
Academic Requirements
Educational Programs
$$$
Count your phalanges and add the total to this research

68. Bell Quickly study your last set of prefixes 5 centers/15 min each
1) computers red disk is “chapter 6” or recommended WEB sites
2) BINGO
3) Clip board race (outside)
4) flash cards
5) sticky note labels