1. Human Reproductive System

2. Introduction Function is to produce a new life
Even though anatomical parts differ in males and females, both systems have the same type of organs
gonads or sex glands
ducts or tubes to carry the sex cells and secretions
accessory organs

3. Male reproductive system
Consists of the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, prostate gland, Cowper’s glands, and the penis

4. Male reproductive system
Testes
two male gonads or sex glands
located in the scrotum, a sac suspended between the thighs outside the body
Produce sex cells called sperm

5. Male reproductive system
Testes
Scrotum is outside the body allowing for a lower temperature, ideal for sperm production
also produce
testosterone
aids in maturation of sperm
responsible for secondary male characteristics

6. Male reproductive system
Epididymis
coiled tube 20 feet in length
located above the testicles
receives sperm from the testes
stores sperm while they mature and become motile
connects w/tube called vas deferens

7. Male reproductive system
Vas deferens
aka ductus deferens
act as passageway and as temporary storage area for sperm.
vas deferens are cut during a vasectomy to produce sterility

8. Male reproductive system
Seminal vesicles
two small pouch-like tubes
located behind the bladder
contains a glandular lining that produces thick yellow fluid
rich in sugar
provides nourishment for sperm
fluid makes up large part of semen

9. Male reproductive system
Ejaculatory ducts
two short tubes
formed by union of vas deferens and seminal vesicles
carry sperm and fluids, known as semen, through the prostate gland into urethra

10. Male reproductive system
Prostate gland
doughnut shaped gland
located below the bladder on either side of the urethra
produces an alkaline secretion
increased motility
neutralizes the acidity in vagina
provides favorable environment

11. Male reproductive system
Prostate gland
muscular tissue in the prostate contracts during ejaculation to aid in expulsion of semen into the urethra
when the prostate contracts, it also closes off the urethra preventing the passage of urine

12. Male reproductive system
Cowper’s glands
aka the bulbourethral gland
two small glands below the prostate
connected by small tubes to the urethra
produce mucus that serves as lubricant for intercourse
secretes an alkaline fluid
decreases acidity of urine residue in urethra
providing more favorable environment

13. Male reproductive system
Urethra
tube that extends from the urinary bladder to urinary meatus
carries urine from the bladder and semen from the reproductive tubes

14. Male reproductive system
Penis
external male reproductive organ
glans penis
enlarged structure at distal end
covered w/a prepuce or foreskin
circumcision is surgical removal of prepuce
made of spongy erectile tissue
functions
male organ of copulation
deposits semen into vagina
provides for elimination of urine

15. Male reproductive system
Penis
external male reproductive organ
glans penis
enlarged structure at distal end
covered w/a prepuce or foreskin
circumcision is surgical removal of prepuce
made of spongy erectile tissue
functions
male organ of copulation
deposits semen into vagina
provides for elimination of urine

16. Diseases of male reproductive system
Epididymitis
inflammation of the epididymis
pathogenic organisms: gonnococcus, streptococcus, or staphlyococcus
intense pain, swelling, and fever
antibiotic, cold applications, pain medications

17. Diseases of male reproductive system
Orchitis
inflammation of the testes
pathogens, mumps, or injury
can lead to sterility
swelling, pain and fever
antibiotics, antipyretics, and pain medications

18. Diseases of male reproductive system
Prostatic hypertrophy or hyperplasia
enlargement of the prostate gland
common in men over 50
screening blood test prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
dysuria, polyuria, nocturia, urinary retention and urinary infections
fluid restrictions, antibiotics

19. Diseases of male reproductive system
Prostatic hypertrophy or hyperplasia
prostatectomy: surgical removal of all or part of the prostate
transurethral resection (TUR); removal of part of prostate by inserting scope into the urethra and removing enlarged area
perineal or suprapubic incision
malignant condition requires prostatectomy, orchidectomy, radiation and estrogen therapy

20. Diseases of male reproductive system
Testicular cancer
highly malignant form of cancer
most frequently affecting year olds
painless swelling of testes
orchidectomy, chemo and radiation
should begin monthly testicular examinations
testicle rolled gently between fingers to feel for lumps
examine for swelling 20

21. Female reproductive system
Consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, Bartholin’s glands, vulva and breasts

22. Female reproductive system
Ovaries
female gonads or sex glands
small almond-shaped glands
located in pelvic cavity attached to uterus by ligaments
follicles
thousands of small sacs in ovaries
when ovum matures, follicle releases ovum
process called ovulation

23. Female reproductive system
Ovaries
also produce hormones
aids in development of the reproductive organs
produce secondary sexual characteristics

24. Female reproductive system
Fallopian tubes
two tubes about 5 inches long
attached to the upper part of uterus
lateral ends of these tubes are located above ovaries but have no direct connection to ovaries
lateral end also has fingerlike projections called fimbriae, which help move the ovum

25. Female reproductive system
Fallopian tubes
serve as a passageway for ovum to the uterus
peristalsis
cilia
fertilization, union of ovum with a sperm to create a new life, usually takes place here

26. Female reproductive system
Uterus
hollow, muscular pear shaped organ
located behind bladder but in front of rectum
three parts
fundus – top section attached to fallopian tubes
body or corpus – middle section
cervix – narrow bottom section attached to vagina

27. Female reproductive system
Uterus
functions
organ of menstruation
allows for growth of fetus
contracts to aid in expulsion of fetus

28. Female reproductive system
Uterus
endometrium
inner layer of specialized epithelium
provides for implantation of ovum
if no fertilization; endometrium deteriorates and causes menstruation

29. Female reproductive system
Uterus
myometrium
muscular middle layer
allows for expansion of uterus during pregnancy
contracts to expel fetus during birth
perimetrium
serous membrane outer layer

30. Female reproductive system
Vagina
muscular tube connecting cervix with outside
passageway for menstrual flow
female organ of copulation
birth canal during delivery
lined with mucous membrane

31. Female reproductive system
Bartholin’s glands
aka vestibular glands
two small glands
located on either side of vaginal opening
secrete mucus for lubrication during intercourse

32. Female reproductive system
Vulva
structures that form the external genital area
Mons veneris: fat pad anterior/superior
Labia majora: folds that enclose vagina
Labia minora: two folds within majora

33. Female reproductive system
Vulva
vestibule
area inside minora
contains openings of urethra and vagina
contains clitoris
perineum
area between vagina and anus

34. Female reproductive system
Breasts
contain lobes separated into sections by connective tissue and fatty tissue
milk ducts located in tissue
main function is the secretion of milk

35. Diseases of female reproductive system
Breast tumors
can be benign or malignant
can be identified by lump in breast or discharge from nipple
early detection important
american cancer society recommends BSE every month
ACS mammograms 1-2 yrs after 40
mammograms/ultrasonagraphy can detect masses 2yrs prior to being felt

36. Diseases of female reproductive system
Breast tumors
lumpectomy
simple mastectomy: breast only
radical mastectomy: breast, muscle and lymph nodes
malignancy: chemo, radiation used in addition to surgery

37. Diseases of female reproductive system
Cancer of the cervix and/or uterus
detected by Pap smear (Papanicolaou test)
abnormal vaginal discharge, bleeding
hysterectomy: uterus and cervix
panhysterectomy: uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes
chemotherapy and/or radiation

38. Diseases of female reproductive system
Endometriosis
abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus
pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea
hormonal therapy, pain medications, surgical removal affected organs

39. Diseases of female reproductive system
Ovarian cancer
one of the most common causes of cancer death in women
occurs between 40-65
abdominal discomfort, constipation, diarrhea
abdominal distention,polyuria
surgical removal of affected organs
chemotherapy and/or radiation

40. Diseases of female reproductive system
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
inflammation of the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes and ovaries
bacteria, viruses, and fungi
lower abdominal pain, fever, purulant discharge
antibiotics, fluids, rest and pain medications

41. Diseases of female reproductive system
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
group of symptoms that appear 3-14 days prior to menstruation
hormonal or biochemical imbalance, poor nutrition, or stress
nervousness, irritability, depression
headache, backache
diet modifications, exercise, stress reduction training