1. Chapter 10
Controlling Disease

2. Disease and Your Body
Disease – any harmful change in the health of your body or mind.
Pathogen – a virus, a microorganism, or another agent that causes disease.
can cause the flu and strep throat.
Microorganism – is a living thing so small that a microscope is needed to see it. This includes bacteria, fungi, and protists.

3. Diseases not caused by Pathogens
Muscular Dystrophy (MS) – disease that is inherited.
Arthritis – the body attacks its own tissue.
Asthma – are triggered by something in the environment.
Hepatitis – can be caused by alcohol abuse, infections, or exposure to certain chemicals or drugs.
Alzheimer’s – disease that affects the memory that does not have a known cause yet.

4. Infectious Diseases
Infectious Disease – is any disease that is caused by pathogens that invade the body.
Viruses causes the flu
Bacteria causes strep throat.
Protist cause malaria
Communicable Diseases – infections can be passed directly from one person to another.
Flu is communicable passed from one person to another.
Malaria is not, it is carried by certain kinds of mosquitoes.
Common Cold (Virus) – head, nose, throat, lungs, muscles. Influenza (Virus) – throat, lungs, muscles. Chickenpox (virus) – skin Hepatitis (virus) – liver Strep Throat (Bacteria) – throat Tuberculosis (Bacteria) - lungs

5. Noninfectious Diseases
Noninfectious disease – a disease that is not caused by a pathogen.
A variety of diseases are not caused by pathogens.
Noninfectious disease include diseases of specific body systems and nutritional disorders.
Heart disease, down syndrome, and injuries from accidents can cause disease.
Noninfectious diseases can affect many parts of your body. Others will strike only on organ or body system.
Most noninfectious diseases are chronic.
Chronic Disease – a disease that last a long time.
Sickle cell disease – red blood cells Cystic Fibrosis – lungs and digestive tract Muscular Dystrophy – muscles Type 1 and 2 Diabetes – kidneys and other organs Allergies – lungs, skin, eyes Cerebral Palsy – brain, nerves, muscles

6. Defense Against Disease
The body’s first line of defense:
skin – protective wall to keep organisms out. Wall includes hairs, eyebrows and eyelashes.
Mucous Membranes – produce mucus, a sticky substance that traps pathogens. These tissues line your mouth, nose, eyes, throat, and other parts of your body.
Sweat, Saliva, Tears – These bodily fluids contain chemicals that kill bacteria.
Stomach Acid – if a pathogen enters the body through food or drink it is killed by the acid in the stomach.
Helpful Microorganisms – helps with digesting your food in the mouth to the intestines.
* Our body defenses keep out most viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens that can make us sick. But when the invaders get through our immune system must go to work.

7. The Immune System
Immune System – made up of tissues, organs, and cells that fight and protect your from pathogens.
The immune system consists of white blood cells and several organs, such as the spleen.
White blood cells protect you against pathogens.
One kind of WBC produces chemicals that stick to pathogens cannot attack normal body cells.
Second kind of WBC either attacks pathogens directly or stimulates other WBCs to attack pathogens.
Third kind of WBCs surrounds and digests invading pathogens.
Your spleen also helps protect your body against pathogens.
The spleen contains large numbers of WBCs.
As blood flows through your spleen, WBCs remove pathogens in your blood and kills them.
The spleen releases WBCs into your blood to fight pathogens that may be in other parts of your body.
You must protect your immune system. The best way to take care of your immune system is to eat a healthy diet, get plenty of rest and exercise, and reduce stress as much as you can.

8. Infectious Diseases
Viruses – a tiny, disease-causing particle that invades a healthy cell and instructs that cell to make more viruses.
Viruses are not living and can only be seen with an electron microscope.
Some viruses are spread by direct person to person contact, such as kissing.
Some viruses are spread by indirect contact such as sneezing, drinking or eating after someone, or another object used.
Some viruses are spread indirectly by insects.
Some viruses affect animals which indirectly can affect humans in the future.
Viruses can be prevented with vaccines.
Vaccine is medicine that contains killed or weaken pathogens and is given to protect you against a particular disease.
Vaccines stimulate your immune system to produce antibodies – a chemical that your body produces to fight invading pathogens.

9. Infectious Diseases
Bacteria – an extremely small, single-celled, living organisms that do not have a nucleus and are more complex than viruses.
Most bacteria can live on their own and live everywhere.
Bacteria spread the same way viruses do, direct and indirect contact as well as through air, water, and soil.
Most bacteria are harmless to humans. Some are helpful, especially those that live in your intestines.
Humans could not live without bacteria. However, some can cause serious illness.

10. Bacteria Bacteria can cause a wide range of diseases in humans.
Some major bacteria diseases are whooping cough, anthrax, and tooth decay. It can also cause dome kinds of food poisoning and ulcers.
You can control the spread of bacteria by…
Washing your hands, keep kitchen clean, not sharing drinks or eating utensils with someone who is sick, and by getting treatment for an illness before you spread it.
If water supply has harmful bacteria, you can boil the water or treat it with certain chemicals to help stop the spread of the bacteria.
Take an antibiotic – a medicine use to stop the growth of or to kill bacteria or other microorganisms. This will be prescribed by your doctor and they may tell you the best medicine is plenty of rest.
Antibiotics and antibacterial soaps do not kill the viruses that cause many infectious diseases. Antibiotics only work against bacteria and other living organism.

11. Protists and Parasites
Protists – a small, single-celled organisms that have a nucleus, are more complex than bacteria and can only be seen through a microscope.
Parasites – some protists are parasites, an organism that gets its food from another organism called the host.
Parasites can be bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
Most protists are harmless to humans but a few that cause illness.
Giardia – found in water supply. Causes stomach cramps, diarrhea. Very rare in the USA.
Plasmodium – carried by certain mosquitoes. Causes malaria in humans. Mostly found in tropical countries, not common in USA.
Parasites cannot be seen by the naked eye. Antibiotics and other drugs are available to treat most diseases caused by parasites.

12. Fungi Fungi – are complex organisms that cannot make their own food.
Fungi break down other substances and absorb nutrients from them.
Most common fungal diseases are athlete’s foot and yeast infections.
Some fungi are spread person to person contact while others are spread by fungal spores in the air, water, or soil.
Most fungal diseases can be treated with medicines.

13. Controlling Infectious Diseases
How to protect yourself from Diseases….
1. stay away from people who are sick.
2. Wash your hands with warm, soapy water.
3. Maintaining a healthy diet
4. Get plenty of rest and exercise
5. Get vaccinated
- most vaccinations are given to children between birth and 6 years of age.
The most common vaccines
Hepatitis B
Diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough
Poliomyelitis
Measles, mumps, rubella
Chickenpox

14. Protecting Others
Communities take steps to stop the spread of pathogens.
Some communities will offer FREE flue shots before flu season.
Many communities have vaccination programs for preschool children.
Most communities have health departments that warn people when a disease out break is coming.
Public health officials sometimes use animals to track the spread of disease carried by insects.
Often these animals will become infected before humans and officials can tell if the pathogens have reached a community.

15. STD’s
STD (Sexually Transmitted Disease) – a disease that can be spread from person to person during a sexual contact.
HIV and the Immune System:
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) – a virus spread by sexual contact, from mother to her baby, or from contaminated blood products, usually from needle shared by drug users.
HIV causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) - a deadly disease that weakens the body’s ability to fight pathogens.
People do not die from AIDS, they will die from other diseases (such as cancer and pneumonia) that a healthy immune system would resist.
A person with HIV may not develop AIDS for 10 years or more.
Even if a person with HIV shows no signs of AIDS, he or she can still spread the virus to other people. Once you have this virus, you have it for life.

16. Common STD’s
1. Herpes (Virus) - antibiotic cure 2. Chlamydia (Bacteria) - no cure, medicine can relieve symptoms 3. Genital Warts (Virus) - no cure, warts can be removed by surgery or freezing, vaccine is available 4. Gonorrhea (Bacteria) - antibiotics are a cure, some forms are drug resistant 5. Trichomoniasia (Protozoa) - antibiotics are a cure 6. Syphilis (Bacteria) - antibiotics are a cure 7. HPV (Human Papillomavirus) – causes genital warts and cervical cancer. Antibiotics are a cure

17. Signs and Symptoms of STD’s
Not all STD’s have signs and symptoms.
Some are very noticeable. However, some are not and are found to late.
If found to late, some may be curable but the damage that has taken place cannot be reversed.
All STD’s can be spread.
If someone suspects an STD’s they should see a doctor immediately.
Viral STD’s cannot be cured, but some can be treated.
New vaccines may protect you from certain infections.
Bacterial STD’s can be cured with antibiotics and treatment should begin as soon as possible after infection.

18. Preventing STD’s
Disease control and prevention are important because no on wants to be sick.
Infections by STD’s can be especially painful and unpleasant.
Some are not curable and you will have to live with forever or may die from.
The spread of STD’s is easily prevented. There is one way you can absolutely be sure that you will not get an STD.
Abstinence – refusing to take part in any activity or behavior that puts your health and the health of other people at risk.
Most STD’s are transmitted only by direct contact with other peoples body fluids.
Avoid body fluids by:
Not using drugs and alcohol because being under the influence you are more likely to engage in dangerous behaviors.
Not sharing needles
Avoid sexual contact
Abstinence allows you to respect yourself, be happy, reach personal goals, avoid risks of STD’s and pregnancy, and respecting your parents and their rules.

19. Nonifectious Diseases
Nonifectious Disease – a disease or disorder that is not caused by a virus or living organism.
These diseases can range from immune system disorders to specific organ systems disorders or nutritional disorders.
Some noninfectious diseases are present at birth.
Genetic Disease – a disease or disorder that is caused entirely or partly by genetic information passed on to a child from one or both parents. Examples are Hunter’s condition, Down Syndrome, etc.
Congenital Disease – a disease or disorder that is present at birth but is not a genetic disease. Example would be defects with part of an organ.
Noninfectious diseases are related to lifestyle choices.
Tobacco users may cause heart disease or lung cancer.
Air pollution may trigger asthma attacks or cause lung cancer.

20. Common Noninfectious Diseases
Heart Disease – High blood pressure, heart attacks, strokes, and artery diseases. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the US.
Diabetes – disease in which the body is not able to use sugar properly.
Cancer – group of diseases in which cells grow uncontrollably and invade and destroy healthy tissues.
Allergy – overreaction of the immune system to something in your surroundings that is harmless to most people.
Asthma - a breathing disease that can be triggered by allergies, infections, exercise, changes in weather, and smoke.
Alzheimer’s Disease – an incurable brain disease that causes a gradual and permanent loss of memory and other brain functions.

21. Living with Noninfectious Diseases
Some noninfectious diseases are serious and can be fatal, while others have few effects.
Some can be cured or treated by surgery or medications.
Some can be managed by lifestyle choices by eating healthy, not using drugs or alcohol, getting plenty of rest and exercise.
Some people may have to eat special diets, take medication, avoid certain activities or have special medical care.
Every disease has physical and mental effects.
Some may feel embarrassed about their disease, others may get teased or insulted. This is completely wrong.
Most people lead a relatively normal, happy, and exciting life if they treat the disease properly.