1. What is the study of animal behavior called?
Bozeman Biology : ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
What is the study of animal behavior called?
Name the 2 extremes of behavior. Describe each.
Describe and give an example of the following types
of behavior. If an ethologist is associated with the
behavior include their name as well.
INSTINCT:
FIXED ACTION PATTERN (FAP):
IMPRINTING:
ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING:
TRIAL and ERROR LEARNING (OPERANT):
HABITUATION:
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING:
INSIGHT:

2. Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
Ecologists use the following methods to further their understanding of how living things interact and are interdependent.
1. Observing: Field studies…go out and record what you see.
2. Experimenting: Used to test a hypothesis. Might be done in the environment or the environment might be recreated in a lab setting, where variables can more easily be manipulated.
3. Modeling: Some ecological concepts are so large, complex or take so long to occur that models are used to communicate certain interactions.

3. ECOLOGY

4. Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
What is Ecology? The scientific study of how living things interact with each other and with their environment
An environment consists of biotic factors which are living things such as plants and animals and abiotic factors which are nonliving things such as soil, water, and air.
Ecology also studies the ways in which all living things depend on each other. This concept is referred to as interdependence.

5. The Biosphere
The biosphere contains the combined portions of the planet in which all life exists. It ranges from the bottom of the ocean to about 8 km (5 miles) into the Earth’s lower atmosphere.

6. The Biosphere The biosphere is composed of the three main areas:
1. Lithosphere- the land (or crust)
2. Hydrosphere-the water (lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, oceans, etc)
3. Atmosphere- the air

7. Biosphere Levels of Organization
Add to notes
Biosphere Levels of Organization 11
Biomes 10
Where does the biome level fit? 9 8 7 6
5 Organ System
4 Organ 3 4 5
3 Tissue 2 1
Draw a diagram in your notes of the biosphere levels of organization.

8. Biomes
BIOMES are large areas of land with certain soil and climate conditions. Certain plants and animals have adapted to each biome.
The adaptations are inherited characteristics that increase the organism’s ability to survive.
Cactus: wide-spread shallow roots for water absorption
Macroclimate- climate over a large area (Biomes)
Microclimate- climate in a small area (under a log)

9. Rain Shadow Effect

10. Biomes

11. Be Familiar with Biome and their Characteristics

12. Can you move into different biomes by going for a hike ?

13. Biodiversity: est. 200-2000 species lost /year
The total number of different species in an area.

14. Energy Flow in the Ecosystem
Sunlight is the main energy source for life on earth.
I. Autotrophs/Producers: organisms that can capture chemical energy or sunlight energy and use that energy to create their own food. EX. Plants, some algae, and certain bacteria.
-Photosynthesis: Use of light energy to create carbohydrates (food).
-Chemosynthesis: Use of chemical energy to produce carbohydrates. Can be done in the absence of light.

15. Energy Flow in the Ecosystem, cont.
II. Consumers: Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply.
Types of Consumers
A. Herbivore: Eat only plants. (cows, deer, etc.)
B. Carnivore: Eat only meat (snakes, owls, etc.)
C. Omnivore: Eat both plant and animals (meat). (Humans, bears, raccoons, etc.)
D. Detritivores: Eat dead and decaying plant and animal material. (earthworms, snails, crabs, etc.)

16. Energy Flow in the Ecosystem, cont.
III. Decomposers: organisms that break down organic matter. (bacteria, fungi)
IV. Feeding Relationships
Energy flows in an ecosystem in one direction, from producers to consumers.
Algae Zooplankton Small Fish Squid Shark
(Bottom) (top)

17. Energy Flow in the Ecosystem, cont.
III. Decomposers: organisms that break down organic matter. (bacteria, fungi, and worms)
IV. Feeding Relationships
Energy flows in an ecosystem in one direction, from producers to consumers.
Algae Zooplankton Small Fish Squid Shark
(Bottom) (top)

18. Food Chains
.1kilocal
1 kilocal
A. Food chain: A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten.
10 kilocal
100 kilocal
1000 kilocal

19. Energy Flow in the Ecosystem, cont.
B. Food Web: A network of complex feeding interactions linking all the food chains in an ecosystem. C. Trophic Levels: Each step in the food chain. Each consumer depends on the trophic level below it for energy.

20. Food Web 3th order consumer (tertiary) 2rd order consumer(secondary)
How many trophic levels?
Far Right food chain?
How about Mice to Snake?
3th order consumer (tertiary)
2rd order consumer(secondary)
1st order consumer(Primary)
1st order producer (Primary producer)
Producer

21. Energy Flow in the Ecosystem, cont.
V. Ecological Pyramids (3 types): A diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web.

22. Energy Flow in the Ecosystem
A. Energy: shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Only about 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level. The rest is lost as heat. (Metabolism) Units: energy-kilocal
1% 1% Second level consumers (3rd trophic level ex. 10 cal) 10% First Level Consumers (2nd trophic level ex. 100 cal.) 100% Producers (1st trophic level ex. 1,000 calories of energy)
ENERGY PYRAMID
Energy Flow in the Ecosystem
(food pyramids in more species)

23. Energy Flow in the Ecosystem
B. Biomass: represents the amount of living tissue matter at each trophic level.
(Units: Mass/area)
BIOMASS PYRAMID
Energy Flow in the Ecosystem

24. Energy Flow in the Ecosystem
C. Numbers: shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level
No Units/ 10 % law
NUMBERS PYRAMID
Energy Flow in the Ecosystem

25. EUTROPHICATION (Algae blooms)
N and Phospates
Usually shallow, warm with nutrient pollution,
Low D.O. & more undesirable species

26. OLIGOTROPHIC LAKE (ex: Payette Lake: McCall)
Deep
Cold
clean

27. D.O: amount of dissolved oxygen in water
B.O.D.: Biochemical Oxygen Demand- amount of oxygen needed
to support life in the lake (fish, decomposers, etc)
Primary Productivity: Productivity of autotrophs (plants) (biomass,
Secondary Productivity: Productivity of heterotrophs (biomass, energy, numbers)
Gross primary productivity (GPP): the total amount of organic matter produced
per day, week, or year within a area.
Net primary productivity (NPP): A certain amount of organic material is used to sustain the life of organisms (respiration/metabolism) ; what remains is net productivity. 
NPP= GPP – R where R= respiration (metabolism)
The net primary productivity in an ecosystem is 10,000 kcal/m2. If the
respiration consumption is 5,000 kcal/m2 by the organism in this ecosystem.
What is the gross primary productivity?
GPP= R + NPP so 15,000 kcal/m2

28. Type of Mimicry: Mullerian
a form of mimicry in which two or more noxious animals develop similar appearances as a shared protective device, the theory being that if a predator learns to avoid one of the noxious species, it will avoid the mimic species as well.
Viceroy-unpalatable
The viceroy butterfly (top) appears very similar to the noxious-tasting monarch butterfly (bottom). Although it was for a long time purported to be an example of Batesian mimicry, the viceroy has recently been discovered to be actually just as unpalatable as the monarch, making this a case of Müllerian mimicry.[4]
Monarch-unpalatable

29.  Batesian mimicry, in which one harmless species adopts the appearance of another, harmful species to gain the advantage of predators' avoidance.
Hawkmoth Larvae
snake
Warning Coloration: a poisonous/toxic animal is brightly colored which serves
as a warning signal to others they should avoid it.
Poison Arrow Frog

30. Warning Coloration:
conspicuous coloring/pattern that warns a predator that an animal is unpalatable or poisonous or bites.
Camouflage
Cryptic Coloration: Mimicry via a coloration pattern which allows the organism to look like another organism.

31. Nutrient Cycles (Biogeochemical Cycles)
In most organisms, 95% of the body is made up of the following five elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
These five elements cycle through the biosphere through biogeochemical cycles.
Matter can cycle through the biosphere because biological systems do not use up matter they transfer it.
*A proper balance of these nutrients is critical in maintaining life in an ecosystem. Too much or too little of any of these nutrients can be disastrous to living organisms in an ecosystem.

32. Hydrologic Cycle (The Water Cycle)
Water is not created or destroyed, but recycled through the hydrologic cycle. There is the same amount of water today, yesterday and forever.
*That doesn’t necessarily mean it’s usable (water contamination)

33. ??
Infiltration:Aquifer

34. The Carbon Cycle Carbon is the key ingredient in all living organisms.
Carbon is found in four major locations of the biosphere:
1. In the atmosphere it is found as carbon dioxide gas.
2. In the ocean it is found as dissolved carbon dioxide.
3. On land, in organisms, rocks, and soil.
4. Underground as coal, petroleum, and calcium carbonate rock.
Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by volcanic activity, respiration, burning fossil fuels, and decomposition of organic matter.

35. The Carbon Cycle
Carbon dioxide is consumed by plants and used to make carbohydrates through the process of photosynthesis.
Organisms that eat the plants use the carbohydrates for energy and eventually released through the process of respiration and decomposition.
Carbon is also found in the ocean as dissolved carbon dioxide and used to form calcium carbonate which accumulates in marine sediments and in bones and shells of marine organisms. Eventually these compounds break down and the carbon returns to the atmosphere.

37. The Nitrogen Cycle
All organisms require nitrogen to make amino acids, which are used to make proteins.
The following forms of nitrogen occur naturally in the biosphere:
N2: Nitrogen gas makes up 78% of the Earth’s atmosphere
NH3: Ammonia (changed to ammonium (NH4) taken up by plants)
NO3: Nitrate ions and NO2 nitrite ions. Found in the waste products of many organisms, in dead and decaying organic matter. Nitrate (NO3) is a common ingredient used in synthetic plant fertilizers.

38. The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen fixation is the process of converting nitrogen gas into a chemical form that can by used by organisms. This process is accomplished by specially adapted nitrogen fixing bacteria that live in the ground and on the roots of legume plants. These bacteria convert nitrogen gas to ammonia, which can be used by plants directly or by certain forms of bacteria (Rhizobium), which convert ammonia into ammonium ,nitrates and nitrites.

39. Soybean Root
Clover Roots

40. Lupine

41. The Nitrogen Cycle
Lightning and volcanic activity also has enough energy to convert nitrogen gas to useable chemical forms. (nitrates and nitrites)
Denitrification is the process of certain soil dwelling bacteria converting nitrates back in nitrogen gas, releasing it back to the atmosphere.

42. The Nitrogen Cycle
Digging Deeper into the Nitrogen Cycle scroll over picture for explanation (website)

43. The Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus is essential to living organisms because it forms part of important life-sustaining molecules such as phosphate (PO4) and phospite (PO3)
Although vital for life, phosphorus is not plentiful in the biosphere and does not enter the atmosphere, but is found on land in rock and soil minerals, and in ocean sediments.
As rocks wear down phosphorus is released and eventually dissolved and used by marine organisms or taken up directly by plants and passed through the food chain.
Phosphorus is also one of the three main components of most plant fertilizers.

44. Fertilizer Contents (N) (P) (K)

45. Phosphorus Cycle

46. Ex: Calculating Daphnia Heart Rate as Temp changes:
The Q10 temperature coefficient is a measure of the rate of change of a
biological system as a consequence of increasing the temperature by 10 °C.
Ex: Calculating Daphnia Heart Rate as Temp changes:
The Q10 is calculated as:
where
R2 is Metabolic rate at T2.
R1 is Metabolic rate at T1.
T is the temperature in Celsius degrees or Kelvin.
Q10 is a unit less quantity, as it is the factor by which a rate changes
TEMPERATURE
HEART RATE (BEATS/MIN)
COLD (20 C) (T1)
130 (R1)
ROOM (25 C) (T2)
140 (R2)
WARM (30 C)
160
Calculate Q10 (Temp. Coefficient) for the interval 20 C to 25 C.:
Q10=
130
10/ 25-20 2
1.08
=1.17

47. Community Interactions
Symbiosis: any relationship in which two species live together closely
Three types of symbiotic relationships
Mutualism: Both species benefit “win-win” (Ex. flowers and bees)
Commensalism: One benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. “win-whatever” (Ex. whale and a barnacle)
Parasitism: One benefits and one is harmed. “win-lose” (Ex. Dog and tick)

48. Symbiotic Relationships- any relationship where two species live together.
Ants/aphids
Mutualism- both benefit (flowers/insects)
Clownfish/anemone

49. Honeyguide Bird/
Honey Badger
Oxpecker/Deer

50. Parasitism- one benefits the other is harmed
leech/human
Cowbird/Robin
lamprey/lake trout

51. Mistletoe/Conifers

52. Commensalism- one benefits the other is not harmed
Barnacles/Whale
Leopard Shark/Remora

53. Brown headed cowbird/Bison

54. Community Interactions
Community Interactions happens when organisms live together in ecological communities.
Examples include: competition, predation, and symbiosis (3 types).

55. Community Interactions
Competition: when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time.
Resource: any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space.
Direct Competition: always has a winner and a loser (losing organisms fail to survive)
Competitive Exclusion Principle: no two species can occupy the same ecological niche in the same habitat at the same time and survive.
(1 species will outcompete the other over time)
Pg. 94 in the book-Warbler bird example

56. Ecological Niche: all the biotic/abiotic resources a given species uses in its
environment.
Fundamental Niche: Theoretical defined area in which a species can survive
Realized Niche: The portion of the fundamental niche the species actually occupies.
Example: N.A. Grizzly bears were plains animals but now live with in mountainous
areas. So its fundamental niche would consist of plains & mountains
wheras its realized niche is in the mountains
Keystone species: a species which influences the community structure and thus an
ecosystem. Example: Grizzly Bear, wolves
Indicator Species: a species which is used to monitor the overall health of an
ecosystem. Examples: Grizzly Bears in Yellowstone, Pika in Sawtooths

57. Community Interactions
Predation-where one organism captures and feeds on another organism
Predator-organism that does killing and eating
Prey-organism killed & eaten

58. Ecological Succession
Ecological Succession: A predictable change in plant/animal inhabitation in an area that has been disturbed.

59. Ecological Succession
Primary succession: When the soil has to be developed or re-established
1. Pioneer species: The first species to populate the area.
Ex: Lichens= a fungus or algae that can live on bare rock. They secrete acids that breaks down rocks, which forms soil allowing for larger plants to start growing.

60. Glacier Recession

61. Aftermath Of Mt. St. Helens May 18, 1980
Mt. St. Helens Aftermath

62. Secondary Succession- some type of disturbance that occurs that doesn't remove the soil

63. Succession is Predictable

64. Recovery comes in stages

65. Clear-cutting of forests

66. Pond Succession

67. SNAKE RIVER BIRDS OF PREY ECOSYSTEM
"invasive species" is defined as a species that is: 1) non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and. 2) whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.
Over 700 pairs of breeding
Raptors
20 different Raptor species
Sagebrush Habitat:cover/food
-ground squirrels
-badgers- burrowing owls
-black tailed jackrabbits
FIRE=CHEATGRASS=reduced food/cover

68. Populations- Bookwork Chapter 5
How do populations change?
Sea otters eat sea urchins, and these eat kelp.

69. Population- all the members of the same species living in a given area
Density- refers to # of individuals per given area
N.J.=1196 people/sq. mi
44. Idaho=19 people/sq. mi
Alaska=1.2 people/sq. mi

70. Populations fluctuate
Factors that affect population size
1 # of births
2 # of deaths
3 Immigration and Emigration
Wolf numbers explode with their
reintroduction to Idaho

71. Limiting Factors are factors that cause growth to decrease
Limits to Growth:
Limiting Factors are factors that cause growth to decrease
- example: Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Density Dependent Limiting Factors- limiting factor that depends on the population size
1 Competition-food, water, space, light, mates
2 Predation- helps control populations (predator-prey)
3 Parasitism- tapeworms, bacteria, ticks
4 Disease- parasites can weaken immune systems

72. What are the organisms competing for?

73. Density Independent Limiting Factors- affect all populations the same ways, regardless of size
1 Natural Disasters-fires, volcanic eruptions
2 Unusual Weather- hurricanes, flash floods
3 Seasonal Cycles- drought, frost, monsoons
4 Human Activities- dams, clear-cutting, prescribed burns

74. Populations Populations are characterized by these factors:
Geographic Distribution: the area (range) inhabited by a population. *Can vary in size from a cubic centimeter of bacteria to a thousands of square miles occupied by a whale.
Density: number of individuals per unit area
Growth rate: the change in population due to size, number of births or deaths, or individuals moving in or out of a population. (immigration, emigration)
Age Structure: The numbers of people in different age groups in the population.

75. What kind of Business would you open in this town?
or determining Harvest Quota’s for Hunting Season
AGE STRUCTURE GRAPH

76. Population Graphs: Exponential Growth (J-Shaped)
R-species: tendency-Density Independent Selection.
Rapid population growth and usually crash
Think rodents (mice, voles, gophers)
Exponential segment
Exponential Growth Pattern (J-Shaped)
Reproducing at a constant rate

77. Exponential growth Equation 1. r = B-D r = growth rate 2. dN = r (N)
N B = births d(t)
D = deaths
N = population size
dN = new pop # over time pd.
dt = time from orig pop. to new pop
Time N 10 1 2 3 4
Births
Deaths 10 2 6 1 8 3 12 4 5
What is our growth rate
for times 1-4 & pop. size
for each new time increment? 18 23
r0=10-2/10 = (.8)= = 18 28
r1 = 6-1/18= (.28)= 5 +18=23 36
r2 = 8-3/23= (.22)=5+23=28
What is the growth rate for time 1 to 4?
r3 =12-4/28= (.29)=8 +28=36
31 (total births )- 14 (total deaths) = .47 36
r4=5-6/36= (-.03)= = 35
What would you predict (calculate)the
New population to be at time 5?
.47 (36) = = or 53 or

78. dN/dT= r N Exponential Growth Problem Using equation 2 r = dN/ dT (N)
Calculate the growth rate for a grizzly Bear Population over a
20 yr period. The starting population was 500 bears. After 20yrs.
the population increased to 1500 bears.
dN/dT= r N
dN: new pop. # after time= (1500)
dT: change in time from orig. pop. N=(20 yrs)
r: growth rate
N: original pop.=(500)
r = dN/ dT (N)
r = 1500/ (20 yrs) 500 = .15

79. Population Graphs: (S-Shaped) LOGISTIC
Logistic Growth Graph (population)
GROWTH SLOWS
or levels off
K species: Density Dependent Selection
Think lower reprod. rates like Griz., elephants
Number
LOGISTIC GROWTH CURSE(S-shaped)
Growth slows or stops

80. Logistic Growth Equation
dN/dT= r(max) N (K-N/K)
dN= Change in Numbers in new Pop (Increase in N from
original N)
dT=Time of growth (Change in time from original N)
So dN/dT= Pop. Growth rate over a time pd.
r(max)= Rate of growth or increase per capita
(ex. Bacteria doubling or Grizzly Bear low reprod. rate)
K= carrying capacity
N= number of indiv. in (original) current pop.

81. Carrying Capacity: The optimum number of organisms which can live in an area without causing damage to its habitat (Determined by Biologists) 29

82. 90 (.45)= 40.5 or 41 + 90 =131 deer Logistic Growth Equation
dN/dT= r(max) N (K-N)/K)
EXAMPLE: There are 90 deer in a population and they are experiencing a max. rate of growth increase of 5% (.05). The habitat they are living in can support 100 deer (carrying capacity K). Calculate the population growth rate per year. What would the new population (dN) be?
N=90
K=100
R(max)=.05
.o5 (90) (100-90)/100= .45 deer/yr.
90 (.45)= 40.5 or =131 deer

83. R = b-d/n dN/dt= r N 190 (.02)= 3.8 + 190 =193.8 deer
EXAMPLE: There are 190 deer in a population and they are experiencing a birth rate of 10 deer/yr and a death rate of 6 deer/yr . Calculate the population growth rate per deer.
How many new deer would be added or lost from the
population? What would the new population (N) be? If the carrying capacity of the population is 195 deer, are we above
or below it?
R = b-d/n
dN/dt= r N
10-6/190= .02
190 (.02)= = deer

84. LOGISTIC GROWTH EQUATION PROBLEM
A population of grizzly bears has a maximum growth rate of .5%
for the period of 20 yrs. in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem . The starting
population of 500 bears increased slowly over time (K-selection species).
The carrying capacity of these bears is What is the change that has
happened to the population over time?
dN/dT= r max (N) (K-N)/K
dN: Change in Pop. from N
dT: Change in Time from N
r max: rate of growth (max)
K: Carrying Capacity
N; original pop. Number
What is the new population after 20 years?
dN= (dT) (r max) (N) (K-N)/K
dN= (20 yrs) (.005) (500) ( )/1500
33.33 or 33 bears
533

85. N = M (n) R MARK RECAPTURE Sample Problem
A team of research biologists went out into the field and trapped 238 wolves in an
area which covers 1,000 square miles. They collared (marked) these wolves and
released them. Ten years later the researchers returned and trapped 567 wolves.
Of these 567, 78 were collared. The research team used the mark recapture
equation to estimate the size of the population
N = M (n) R
N= population size
n= sample size captured later in time
M= number of indiv. marked in original pop.
R= number of indiv. marked in pop. Later in time
What is the size of the new population?
What is the density of this wolf population?
238 (567)/ 78 = 1730 wolves
1730 wolves/1000 sq. miles= 1.73 wolves/sq. mile

86. Predator Prey Cycles What is the predator/prey lag time? (lag effect)
What do you predict would happen
if the lynx “shifted” to another prey?

87. Isle Royal Wolf/Moose Population

88. Does this show a typical Predator/Prey relationship or is there
something else going on?

89. Biodiversity
Biological Magnification- concentrations of a harmful substance increases in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web.