1. Year 12- Revision
Topic- Population

2. Specfication

3. World Population Growth- Causes
World Population has now reached 7 billion. Why?
Natural Increase (especially in LEDCs- where BRs remain high due to lack of awareness of contraception and children being able to work for additional income.)
Better medical care and vaccinations against common diseases such as smallpox reducing DR.
Improvements in sanitation and food supply have also helped reduced the DR.

4. Past Paper Questions and Model Answers

5. 2011 PPQ- Model Answer
Explain why death rates started to fall from 1800 onwards?
Level 3 [5]–[6] An answer that refers to two factors that lower death rates
e.g. The idea of vaccinations had been discovered and so more babies were being inoculated against diseases like smallpox and didn’t die.
Also people were being educated about the need to use clean drinking water and proper sanitation was being installed in many cities, so diseases like cholera claimed fewer victims, again lowering the death rate.

6. 2013 PPQ Model Answer Why are birth rates high in LEDCs? (3)
Level 3 e.g. This is probably due to high birth rates in many LEDC areas which still have to improve the standard of living for their people and thus ensure that families have access to appropriate birth control. [3]
Other appropriate answers include; high infant mortality rate, traditional larger families, children seen as economic assets etc.

7. 2010 PPQ- Model Answer
Reasons why the world’s population increased rapidly since 1950.
Level 3 ([5]–[6]) Candidates provide a full explanation covering two reasons
e.g. The death rate in many countries (MEDCs and LEDCs) has fallen dramatically as many of the diseases which commonly caused death such as smallpox was eradicated or controlled owing to improved medicine and sanitation.
Parents in LEDCs are still having large families because of a lack of awareness of contraception available therefore the birth rate remains high and the population continues to grow.
[6]

8. Migration Case Study

9. Case Study- Migration UK
You need to know:
to know how many migrate,
where from & where to
evaluate positive & negative impacts on services & economy
Remember – Evaluation question  advantages, disadvantages AND CONCLUSION

10. How Many Migrate/ Where from and Where to:
UK population is growing because immigration is higher than emigration.
574,000 immigrated into the UK
Where From?
Between  700,00 people from the A8 countries came to the UK.
Many originated from Poland
Where to in the UK?
Birmingham, London and Leeds have seen high influx of immigrants.

11. Increase in multicultural services.
IMPACTS ON
IMPACTS
SERVICES
Positive:
Increase in multicultural services.
Increases awareness and diversity among people
Negative:
Pressure on education and health services. Class sizes and waiting times have increased.
Increase need for housing- House prices in London up 10%
ECONOMY £££
contributed £31.2 billion in taxes.
Fill important skills gap in the UK labour market e.g. Nursing
cost £28.8 billion.
Locals in competition for low paid jobs- resulting in job loss. Construction industry in the South of England
Send home £10 million each day from UK

12. Population Pyramids

13. A population pyramid details the population structure of a country.
It illustrates three age groups.
Aged Dependency- 65 years +
Economically Active
Youth Dependency years

14. Common Definition Question: Population Structure
Population structure is the way the population is ‘made-up’.
It is the age/sex structure of the population.
That is how many males or females there are and how many make up the different age groups.

15. MEDC Population Pyramid Common Question- DESCRIBE- Make sure you Quote
Wide Top = LDR
Straight sides = low life expectancy
Narrow Base = LBR

16. LEDC Population Pyramid Steep sides = Low Life Expectancy
Narrow Top= HDR
Steep sides = Low Life Expectancy
Wide Base = HBR

17. Out migration
Missing young economically active in 20s and 30s age group.
In migration
Bulge in the economically active section

18. Assess the Economic and Social Implications of an Aged and Youth Population

19. MEDC- Aging Population
Social (Statement- Consequence – Elaboration)
As people are living longer more people are now affected by degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.
This puts pressure on healthcare facilities and Nursing home provisions
Increasing waiting times and demands

20. MEDC- Aging Population
Economic (Statement- Consequence – Elaboration)
People are claiming pensions for longer.
This may cause taxes to be increased.
Putting more pressure on the economically active to support this growing dependency group.

21. LEDC- Youthful Population
Social (Statement- Consequence – Elaboration)
Many LEDC countries are affected by diseases such as AIDS.
Therefore parents may die young creating orphan children.
This increases the need for care facilities for young people.

22. LEDC- Youthful Population
Economic (Statement- Consequence – Elaboration)
An increasing % of the population will be looking for employment.
Due to a lack of opportunities many will be forced to go into the informal sector.
This may result in life of crime- costing the government money.

23. Year 12 Revision
Topic Settlement

24. Common small definition Questions
Settlement  a place where people live (1)
Settlement Site  The actual land a settlement is built on e.g. wet point site. (2)
Types of settlement sites:
Wet point site:
Site your settlement next to a water source
Good for cooking, cleaning, trading etc.
Defensive site:
On top of a mountain
Settlement which could be easily defended from attacks.
Bridging point site:
Narrowest point of a river as it is easy to cross here.

25. Settlement Hierarchy

26. Settlement Hierarchy- Key Terms
Population Size:
Larger Settlements e.g. Belfast  large population threshold
Smaller Settlements e.g. Kilkeel  small population threshold.
High and Low Order Goods:
Low order goods are items you buy every day e.g. milk  They tend to be quite cheap
High order goods however are items that you buy rarely e.g. a new car  They tend to be expensive
Sphere of Influence or Range:
A large settlement tends to have a large sphere of Influence or range. This means people are willing to travel quite a distance to access services in this areas. E.G. A person from Enniskillen will happily travel to Belfast to shop for the day.
A small settlement tends to have a small sphere of influence or range. This means people are only willing to travel a short distance to access services in this area. E.G. A person from Belfast will not travel to Enniskillen to shop for the day.
Function:
A settlement may hold a particular function E.G. Portstewart has a tourism function.

27. Bringing the terms together…
Large Settlements:
Will have a high population threshold
And therefore can support both low and high order services
This means the area will have a larger sphere of influence or range and can attract many people.
It will also have multiple functions.
Smaller settlements:
Will have low population thresholds
And therefore only provide low order goods or services.
Meaning a small sphere of influence or range which does not attract many people.
It will also have limited or no function.

28. GCSE Specification

29. CBD- Central Business District
Example- City Hall, Belfast
Characteristics:
Tall Buildings  value of land expensive, therefore developers build upwards to utilise space.
Commercial and retail  Large office blocks and shopping centres. Most accessible and sought after part of the city. High rent!
No residential areas  can not afford high rent charges.
Route Centre!

30. Inner City Characteristics:
Some buildings are old, dilapidated and boarded up, awaiting redevelopment.
Terraced Housing, small gardens (e.g. Holy Land’s)
Some high rise blocks of flats
Reduce travel costs- live near to workplace- walking distance.

31. Residential Suburbs Semi detached houses built with gardens.
Bigger homes allowing families to grow.
Increase in car ownership and public transport fuelled the growth of this land-use.

32. Industrial Zone- Mallusk
Older industries were once located near the inner cities- therefore the city grew around them.
However more modern Industries are located on the outskirts.
Cheaper land and more land space available.
Also nearby good communication links such as motorways, ports, railways etc

33. Rural Urban Fringe
DefinitionThe area beyond the suburbs, that is, the area between the city and countryside where urban and rural is blurred
Larger housing with open space
Detached Housing
No pollution
Lower valued land
Higher transport costs- however more disposable income

34. Learning Intentions You must be able to:
Know and understand the causes of urbanisation.
Be able to refer to places in LEDCs and MEDCs for illustration purposes only
Explain how push and pull factors and natural increase cause urbanisation.

35. What is Urbanisation?
An increase in the proportion of a country’s population who live in urban areas.

36. Counterurbanisation
Definition: The movement of people away from towns and cities to smaller towns, villages or areas in the countryside.

37. Causes of Urbanisation
Urbanisation can result from two processes:
Push/Pull factors
Natural population increase

38. Push Factors
People may be ‘pushed’ from the countryside for many reasons:
Mechanisation of agriculture reduces the need for labour in the countryside, leading to depopulation.

39. Pull Factors People may be ‘pulled’ towards the city for many reasons:
The re-location of many TNCs to LEDCs. Increasing the chance of getting a job. Factory work can pay up to 3 times as much as they could earn as a farmer.
Access to health care and education is much more possible in cities than in the countryside. This may improve their quality of life.

40. Natural Increase Natural increase
When birth rates remain high while death rates may have fallen.
Higher Population living in the area.

41. Learning Intention You must be able to:
Describe and explain the growth, location and characteristics of shanty town areas, using one case study of an LEDC city.
Use place names and figures.
Shanty Towns in Kolkata, India

43. Learning Intentions You need to be able to:
Know case study details of one inner city urban planning scheme in an MEDC city.
Show how the scheme aims to regenerate and improve the housing, employment and environment of the inner city.
Evaluate how sustainable the scheme is.

44. Background Knowledge:
Past:
River Lagan- focus of trade and industry
H&W- 1800s largest shipyard.
Area of wealth .

45. However… However over time: Ships were no longer made here.
Ship building industry moved to Asia
Out- migration of people (no jobs)
River and surrounding land became derelict and polluted.
Unattractive to investment.

46. New Idea
Titanic Quarter Limited wanted to make this area an exciting waterfront development.
Decided to improve/regenerate the area. Focusing on housing, employment and environment

47. Housing: How did they improve housing?
To make the inner city a more attractive place to live they built 7500 new apartments.
This would be close walking distance to the city centre.
Attractive to young economically active.
There are now 5000 people who live and work in the Titanic Quarter.

48. Employment Titanic Quarter is already home to over 100 companies
Currently has 4,000-plus employees- aims to have 50,000 once the overall project is completed.
Firms such as Citigroup banking and Microsoft are located here.
Belfast Metropolitan Campus is also located here- training and developing local workforce.
Other industries such as Tourism is benefiting with local Restaurants, Hotels (Premier Inn) and Leisure Centres being established here.

49. Environment
As this scheme was regenerated upon a BROWNFIELD site this reduces the growth of the city. Protecting green spaces.
All industrial pollutants have also been removed restoring the environment of the area.
They also constructed a 1.5km of attractive water walkway which hosted the Tall Ships in 2009
This means the area is now landscaped with open spaces improve biodiversity of local area.

50. Sustainability- Positive
Built on brownfield site reduced pressure on greenfield sites.
People now work and live in same area reduces congestion
Pedestrian walkways, bus and cycle routes Encourage people to not use cars highly accessible.
This also improved infrastructure as the Newtownards Road 2012 project. Which improved linkage between TQ and East Belfast.
Stepping stones project was established employment opportunities for unemployed people

51. Sustainability- Negative
TQ jobs could be occupied by well qualified people who live outside the city and therefore must commute to work. This therefore may increase congestion in the city.
Fewer jobs may actually be created than what they suggest.
Gentrification may have caused local people to no longer afford housing in their area. Forcing them to relocate elsewhere.