1. Origins of World War II and the American Response
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Origins of World War II and the American Response

2. Agenda: February 9th, 2016
Warm Up: Political Cartoon Analysis (10 minutes)
RPS World Domination Simulator (30 minutes)
Appeasement (10 minutes)
Closure: How do we use this today? (5 minutes)
Goal: I can describe America’s prewar stance by playing the Appeasement game.

3. Activity Focus: Could World War II Have Been Prevented?
Essential Questions
Activity Focus: Could World War II Have Been Prevented?
Unit Focus: When should the United States go to war?
Unit Focus: Did America’s involvement in World War II and the Cold War move it closer or further away from its founding ideals?
Unit Focus:
What is the proper role of the government in people’s lives?
Unit Focus: What is required to achieve victory in war?
Unit Focus: How did America become a superpower?
Other essential question: What impact do challenges abroad have on Americans at home?

4. Warm Up Activity
View the political cartoon drawn by Dr. Seuss, using context clues create a definition for the word appeasement.

5. RPS World Domination Who likes free stuff?
Today we will be playing a game where you can earn free prizes.
Follow the directions carefully to be successful today!
You must work with a partner at your table group…if this doesn’t work find a partner elsewhere in the room.

6. RPS World Domination- Rules
Today’s game has 2 rounds. Round 1 will be a series of rock, paper, scissors, and round 2 will be a series of negotiations.
The envelope in front of you marked “Phase 1” contains 4 prizes. With your partner, play a game (the best of 7 rounds) of rock, paper, scissors.
The winner (Player A) can choose which 3 of the 4 prizes he/she would like. The loser (Player B) can have the 4th prize.

7. Round 1 – Reflection Student A – Which prizes did you keep?
Student B – Which prize did you get?
Is this distribution of prizes fair? Why or why not?

8. RPS World Domination -Round 2
The envelope marked “Phase 2” has 3 more prizes. You will pull each prize out one at a time and negotiate who gets to keep it.
You may only look at one prize at a time, and you may not negotiate for a prize that someone already has.
Do your best to decide who should get which prize, and convince each other why.
Individual directions for round 2…

9. Round 2 – Reflection 1. What emotions did you feel during round 2?
2. During the negotiations, who took the first one or two prize tokens?
3. (Student B) What strategies did you use to get those first couple tokens?
4. What happened when you tried to negotiate for the last prize? Why didn’t the negotiations work?
5. Did anyone truly win?

10. Appeasement
A. (def.) Giving in to an enemy’s demands to avoid conflict and maintain peace.
B. WWII, like all major conflicts, began with a series of significant actions and reactions
C. Britain, France, and U.S.A. appeased countries like Germany, Italy & Japan in hopes of avoiding conflict
D. Eventually, war would be the only option against the aggression of the Axis Powers.
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlin and Hitler shake hands (1938)

11. Closure
In what daily situations is ‘appeasement’ most useful? Is it a good strategy to use for worldwide issues and potential war?

12. Origins of World War II and the American Response Day II

13. Agenda: February 9th, 2016
Warm Up: Create a Fireside Chat to calm the American Public (15 minutes)
FDR’s Goals and Political Cartoon Analysis (10 minutes)
Action Reaction Activity (30-45 minutes)

14. GOAL
Can you explain the American response to the events that lead up to World War II?

15. Goal Setting: Warm Up Role: President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Audience: The American public: Fireside Chat
Format: A brief response to a reporter’s question. (2-3 sentences)
Topic: Knowing the poor conditions growing in Europe, how do you calm down the nation?
Record answer under the warm up section of handout.

16. F.D.R.’s goals in 1936 Slow down the world’s drift to war.
Keep the U.S. out of war if one occurred.
FDR had deep concerns about Hitler long before Germany attacked other European countries; he privately referred to him as a “madman.” FDR also worried about the isolationist movement in the U.S. He believed the Nye Committee’s report was misleading, and he felt that laws preventing U.S. involvement in the growing crisis could end up posing a real danger to American interests. Nevertheless, he gave in to pressure from Congress and the American public and signed the Neutrality Acts into law.

17. Neutrality Laws of 1935
1935- Prevented the U.S. from supplying arms, ammunitions, and implements of war to nations in conflict.
Additional neutrality acts in 1936 and 1937 designed to keep the country out of conflicts brewing in Europe.

18. What do you see in this cartoon?
What does the flag indicate we are going to do?
What does the ship’s name indicate we are going to do?
Based on what you know about the neutrality laws, which one is more correct and why?

19. What do you see in this cartoon?
Who does the seated man represent?
What is the ship attempting to do?
Which side is winning out? Why?

20. 1935-1936 Germany remilitarizes
Hitler announced the formation of a German air force and compulsory military service.
In 1936, he sent troops into the Rhineland, a German region on the border with France.
These actions all challenged the Treaty of Versailles.

21. World Reaction
The League of Nations lodged a formal protest against these actions but refused to consider sanctions against Germany.

22. 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia
The Italian army, under Mussolini, invaded Ethiopia.
The Ethiopian forces could not stop the invasion, and Italy annexed the country in 1936.
Hitler and Mussolini soon formed a treaty of friendship known as the Rome–Berlin axis.

23. World Reaction
Ethiopia appealed to the League of Nations for help. The League voted to impose economic sanctions against Italy, including an oil embargo.
The United States was asked to join the oil embargo against Italy, but Roosevelt refused to do so.

24. 1936–1939 Germany and Italy aid nationalists in Spanish Civil War
Italy and Germany backed a military rebellion in Spain led by General Francisco Franco.
They provided the Nationalists with supplies, weapons, and troops.
The Nationalists eventually overthrew Spain’s democratic republic and set up a rightwing dictatorship.

25. World Response
Although some volunteers, including 3,000 Americans, fought against the Nationalists, only the Soviet Union officially aided the Republicans in the Civil War.
The U.S. Congress passed neutrality acts in 1936 and 1937, which kept the United States out of the conflict.

26. Decision- Mounting Aggression in 1937 and 1938
Role: President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Audience: The American public
Format: A 30 second segment of a Fireside Chat radio address.
Topic: How should the United States respond to the mounting aggression in 1937 and 1938 in Europe and Asia?
Read the handout and write your answer in your notebook.

27. 1937 Japanese troops massacre civilians in Nanjing
The Japanese army captured the city of Nanjing.
Japanese soldiers went on a six-week rampage, killing approximately 300,000 Chinese civilians and raping about 20,000 Chinese women.

28. World Reaction
Roosevelt made a speech calling for a quarantine against aggressor nations like Japan.
However, the speech had little effect, as Japan invaded French Indochina, Formosa, Korea, large areas of China, and several small Pacific islands.

29. Decision- Continuing Aggression in 1938
Role: President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Audience: The American public
Format: A 30 second segment of a Fireside Chat radio address.
Topic: How should the United States respond to the continuing aggression in 1938 in Europe and Asia?
Read the handout and write your answer in your notebook.

30. 1938 German Anschluss (union) with Austria
Hitler pressured the Austrian government to join with Germany.
In March, Hitler’s army crossed the border without opposition.
Hitler declared a political union, or Anschluss, between the two countries.

31. World Reaction
Britain and France were passive spectators as Germany expanded into Austria.

32. Decision- Aggression in 1939 and 1940
Role: President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Audience: The American public
Format: A 30 second segment of a Fireside Chat radio address.
Topic: How should the United States respond to the continuing aggression in 1939 and 1940 in Europe and Asia?
Read the handout and write your answer in your notebook.

33. 1939 Germany invades Czechoslovakia
In the Munich Pact, Hitler acquired the Czech region of the Sudetenland and promised it would be his “last territorial demand.”
However, in March 1939, he broke the pact and invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia.

34. World Response
Britain and France were angered over Hitler’s breaking of the Munich Pact and declared that any further attacks by Germany on small states would trigger war.

35. 1939 Germany attacks Poland
Germany signed a nonaggression pact with the USSR, which freed German forces to invade Poland.
Germany used blitzkrieg tactics to attack so quickly that Polish forces were not able to mobilize.
Soviet forces also invaded from the east, and Poland quickly fell.

36. World Response
France and Britain followed through with their original announcement and declared war on Germany.
However, they were not able to do anything to stop the invasion and the takeover of Poland.

37. U.S. Response
After World War I, many Americans vowed to stay out of European affairs forever. Two days after the invasion of Poland FDR claimed “This nation will remain a neutral nation, but I cannot ask that every American remain neutral in thought as well…Even a neutral cannot be asked to close his mind or his conscience…I have said not once, but many times, that I have seen war and hate war…As long as it is in my power to prevent, there will be no blackout of peace in the U.S.”
Radio speech September 3, 1939

38. 1940 Germany invades Low Countries and France
Hitler moved troops to Germany’s western borders.
He attacked and captured the Low Countries and invaded France, trapping French and British troops along the coast.
Italy declared war on Britain and France.

39. World Response
Britain sent every boat possible to evacuate the trapped British and French (Allied) forces.
France surrendered to Germany.
Germany occupied most of France.
Southeast France was controlled by a puppet government.

40. 1940 Germany attacks Britain (Battle of Britain)
German planes flew raids against British ports, airfields, and industry.
Later, the bombing raid targets were shifted to large cities.

41. World Response
British fighter pilots successfully shot down more than 600 German aircraft during the Battle of Britain.
British citizens withstood the bombing raids.
The raids diminished as Germany was unable to replace the lost aircraft.
The United States began sending aid to Britain under the Lend-Lease Act.

42. America’s response in 1939 and 1940
“Cash and Carry”
The first peace-time draft is enacted in the United States.
Lend-Lease Act enacted.
Lend-Lease Act (1941)
In July 1940, after Britain had sustained the loss of 11 destroyers to the German Navy over a 10-day period, newly elected British Prime Minister Winston Churchill requested help from President Roosevelt. Roosevelt responded by exchanging 50 destroyers for 99-year leases on British bases in the Caribbean and Newfoundland. As a result, a major foreign policy debate erupted over whether the United States should aid Great Britain or maintain strict neutrality.
In the 1940 Presidential election campaign, Roosevelt promised to keep America out of the war. He stated, "I have said this before, but I shall say it again and again and again; your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars." Nevertheless, FDR wanted to support Britain and believed the United States should serve as a "great arsenal of democracy." Churchill pleaded, "Give us the tools and we'll finish the job." In January 1941, following up on his campaign pledge and the prime minister's appeal for arms, Roosevelt proposed to Congress a new military aid bill.
The plan proposed by FDR was to "lend-lease or otherwise dispose of arms" and other supplies needed by any country whose security was vital to the defense of the United States. In support of the bill, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee during the debate over lend-lease, "We are buying not lending. We are buying our own security while we prepare. By our delay during the past six years, while Germany was preparing, we find ourselves unprepared and unarmed, facing a thoroughly prepared and armed potential enemy." Following two months of debate, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, meeting Great Britain’s deep need for supplies and allowing the United States to prepare for war while remaining officially neutral.
Because of continuing aggression by the Japanese in Asia, in August of 1940 the American government banned the exportation of aviation fuel outside the Western Hemisphere. Japan responded, " As a country his import of aviation gasoline is of immense volume, Japan would bear the brunt of the virtual embargo. The resultant impression would be that Japan had been singled out for and subjected to discriminatory treatment...The government of Japan wishes to protest against the policy of the Government of the United States.
On September 30, 1940, the same limitations were placed on " all iron and steel scrap of every kind and description, classified and unclassified." This time the export to Great Britain was exempted from the order. Japan,s response was immediate. In view of the fact that Japan has been for some years the principal buyer of American iron and steel e scrap, the announcement...cannot fail to be g Regarded as against Japan, and, as such, to be an unfriendly act."
A later response from Japan shows the growing tension. "...in view of the high feeling of Japan it is apprehended that, in the event of continuation by the United States Government of the present attitude toward Japan in matters of trade restriction, especially if it leads to the imposition of further measures of curtailment, future relations between Japan and the United States will be unpredictable."
Quotes from Present at the Creation: My Year in the State Department. Dean Acheson w.w. Norton and Company. New York 1969.

43. Lend-Lease Act Transcript of Lend-Lease Act (1941) A BILL
Further to promote the defense of the United States, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate add House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may be cited as "An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States".
SEC. 2. As used in this Act -
(a) The term "defense article" means -
(1) Any weapon, munition. aircraft, vessel, or boat;
(2) Any machinery, facility, tool, material, or supply necessary for the manufacture, production, processing, repair, servicing, or operation of any article described in this subsection;
(3) Any component material or part of or equipment for any article described in this subsection;
(4) Any agricultural, industrial or other commodity or article for defense.
Such term "defense article" includes any article described in this subsection: Manufactured or procured pursuant to section 3, or to which the United States or any foreign government has or hereafter acquires title, possession, or control.
(b) The term "defense information" means any plan, specification, design, prototype, or information pertaining to any defense article.
SEC. 3. (a) Notwithstanding the provisions of any other law, the President may, from time to time. when he deems it in the interest of national defense, authorize the Secretary Of War, the Secretary of the Navy, or the bead of any other department or agency of the Government -
(1) To manufacture in arsenals, factories, and shipyards under their jurisdiction, or otherwise procure, to the extent to which funds are made available therefor, or contracts are authorized from time to time by the Congress, or both, any defense article for the government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States.
(2) To sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government any defense article, but no defense article not manufactured or procured under paragraph (1) shall in any way be disposed of under this paragraph, except after consultation with the Chief of Staff of the Army or the Chief of Naval Operations of the Navy, or both. The value of defense articles disposed of in any way under authority of this paragraph, and procured from funds heretofore appropriated, shall not exceed $1,300,000,000. The value of such defense articles shall be determined by the head of the department or agency concerned or such other department, agency or officer as shall be designated in the manner provided in the rules and regulations issued hereunder. Defense articles procured from funds hereafter appropriated to any department or agency of the Government, other than from funds authorized to he appropriated under this Act. shall not be disposed of in any way under authority of this paragraph except to the extent hereafter authorized by the Congress in the Acts appropriating such funds or otherwise.
(3) To test, inspect, prove, repair, outfit, recondition, or otherwise to place in good working order, to the extent to which funds are made available therefor, or contracts are authorized from time to time by the Congress, or both, any defense article for any such government, or to procure any or all such services by private contract.
(4) To communicate to any such government any defense information pertaining to any defense article furnished to such government under paragraph (2) of this subsection.
(5) To release for export any defense article disposed of in any way under this subsection to any such government.
(b) The terms and conditions upon which any such foreign government receives any aid authorized under subsection (a) shall be those which the President deems satisfactory, and the benefit to the United States may he payment or repayment in kind or property, or any other direct or indirect benefit which the President deems satisfactory.
(c) After June 30, 1943, or after the passage of a concurrent resolution by the two Houses before June 30, 1943, which declares that the powers conferred by or pursuant to subsection (a) are no longer necessary to promote the defense of the United States, neither the President nor the head of any department or agency shall exercise any of the powers conferred by or pursuant to subsection (a) except that until July 1, 1946, any of such powers may be exercised to the extent necessary to carry out a contract or agreement with such a foreign government made before July 1,1943, or before the passage of such concurrent resolution, whichever is the earlier.
(d) Nothing in this Act shall be construed to authorize or to permit the authorization of convoying vessels by naval vessels of the United States.
(e) Nothing in this Act shall be construed to authorize or to permit the authorization of the entry of any American vessel into a combat area in violation of section 3 of the neutrality Act of 1939.
SEC. 4 All contracts or agreements made for the disposition of any defense article or defense information pursuant to section 3 shall contain a clause by which the foreign government undertakes that it will not, without the consent of the President, transfer title to or possession of such defense article or defense information by gift, sale, or otherwise, or permit its use by anyone not an officer, employee, or agent of such foreign government.
SEC. 5. (a) The Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, or the head of any other department or agency of the Government involved shall when any such defense article or defense information is exported, immediately inform the department or agency designated by the President to administer section 6 of the Act of July 2, 1940 (54 Stat. 714). of the quantities, character, value, terms of disposition and destination of the article and information so exported.
(b) The President from time to time, but not less frequently than once every ninety days, shall transmit to the Congress a report of operations under this Act except such information as he deems incompatible with the public interest to disclose. Reports provided for under this subsection shall be transmitted to the Secretary of the Senate or the Clerk of the House of representatives, as the case may be, if the Senate or the House of Representatives, as the case may be, is not in session.
SEC. 6. (a) There is hereby authorized to be appropriated from time to time, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, such amounts as may be necessary to carry out the provisions and accomplish the purposes of this Act.
(b) All money and all property which is converted into money received under section 3 from any government shall, with the approval of the Director of the Budget. revert to the respective appropriation or appropriations out of which funds were expended with respect to the defense article or defense information for which such consideration is received, and shall be available for expenditure for the purpose for which such expended funds were appropriated by law, during the fiscal year in which such funds are received and the ensuing fiscal year; but in no event shall any funds so received be available for expenditure after June 30, 1946.
SEC. 7. The Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, and the head of the department or agency shall in all contracts or agreements for the disposition of any defense article or defense information fully protect the rights of all citizens of the United States who have patent rights in and to any such article or information which is hereby authorized to he disposed of and the payments collected for royalties on such patents shall be paid to the owners and holders of such patents.
SEC. 8. The Secretaries of War and of the Navy are hereby authorized to purchase or otherwise acquire arms, ammunition, and implements of war produced within the jurisdiction of any country to which section 3 is applicable, whenever the President deems such purchase or acquisition to be necessary in the interests of the defense of the United States.
SEC. 9. The President may, from time to time, promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary and proper to carry out any of the provisions of this Act; and he may exercise any power or authority conferred on him by this Act through such department, agency, or officer as be shall direct.
SEC. 10. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to change existing law relating to the use of the land and naval forces of the United States, except insofar as such use relates to the manufacture, procurement, and repair of defense articles, the communication of information and other noncombatant purposes enumerated in this Act.
SEC 11. If any provision of this Act or the application of such provision to any circumstance shall be held invalid, the validity of the remainder of the Act and the applicability of such provision to other circumstances shall not be affected thereby.
Approved, March 11, 1941.

45. 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
Three hundred Japanese bombers and fighter planes attacked the U.S. military base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
They crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet, sinking or damaging 18 ships and destroying or damaging 300 aircraft.

46. World Response
The next day, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan.

47. Fireside Chat Assignment
Using the hindsight of history, decide which event should have led America into World War II. Based on that event, create a real Fireside Chat podcast using Audacity to justify your decision with historical information.
Role: President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Audience: The American public
Format: A 1 minute segment of a Fireside Chat radio address.
Topic: How should the United States respond to aggression in Europe and Asia based on the event of your choice?

48. Axis Control in 1942

49. Timeline Assignment Create a timeline of the following events:
Pearl Harbor
The Neutrality Act of 1936
Munich Pact
Germany remilitarizes the Rhineland
Lend/Lease Act
Rome-Berlin Axis
Battle of Britain
German Anschluss with Austria
German annexation of Czechoslovakia
Cash and Carry
Non Aggression Pact between USSR and Germany
Embargo of Japan
German invasion of Poland

50. Put the events in the correct chronological order
Pick 5 of the most significant events and create a visual to symbolize them. With the same 5 events, write a paragraph to explain why they are significant to you.