1. Chapter 15 Section 5: Roots of Revolution World Revolutions: China 2:22 – 8:00

2. 1. Chinese turned down Britain’s request
Have no value or use for country’s manufactures
“…we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange and ingenious and have no use for your country’s manufactures.”
Isolation: position of strength
Effects: Europe surpassed Chinese developments

3. 2. Two developments of the 1700s
Qing Dynasty entered long period of decline
Slow to modernize (video: Era of Qing)
Lose of land to foreigners, high taxes, increasing peasant population, limited land, food shortages, corruption, civil service examine archaic
Industrial Revolution (Europe):
British East Indian Co.
Military superiority to challenge the Chinese

4. 3. Define Kowtow
A low bow
The British refused to kowtow to the Emperor because:
they no longer accepted their inferior status
resented being restricted to Macao & Guangzhou for trade
Chinese lost position of strength

5. 4. Causes of the Opium War Late 1700s-1839 (Video)
Britain began selling Opium to China
trade imbalance and economic problems
The Chinese tried to halt opium trade by instituting harsh penalties (death) to traders and users
The Chinese destroyed a British shipment of opium and a war started

8. 5. Results of the Opium War
Chinese were no match for the British
Treaty of Nanjing ended the Opium Wars
Unequal treaty: favored imperialist
China opened to the west
Imperialism begins
Extraterritoriality: principle of allowing westerners accused of a crime in China to be tried in special, western-run courts instead of Chinese courts
Emperor had to pay for destroyed Opium
British gained control of Hong Kong

11. 5. Results of the Opium War
AND Increased Foreign influence in China
Spheres of Influence: area of a country in which a foreign nation has special economic privileges and political influence (p.345)
Sino-Japanese War: Japan expanded into China

13. 6. What failed policy allowed equal access to trade with China?
Open Door Policy
Supported by US
John Hay’s proposal for called for the establishment of equal trading rights to all nations in all parts of China and for recognition of Chinese territorial integrity
meaning that the country should not be carved up and minimize the power of those nations with existing spheres of influence.

14. 7. Major Causes of Unrest Foreign control/loss of territory
Weakened Qing Dynasty

15. 8. A. Taiping Rebellion
the most serious peasant uprising against the Qing Dynasty; lasted 14 years (1851)
Causes:
Displeasure with Qing rule
effects
more than 20 million deaths
Beginning of long, slow revolution
Battle between adopting western technology and keeping Confucian culture

16. 8A. Taiping Rebellion More Effects: Hundred Days of Reform: modernize
Reformers wanted to introduce modern technology to China as well as preserve culture
Set up factories & dockyards to produce modern weapons
Guang Xi supported the Hundred Days of Reforms
Reforms ended with Ci Xi believed that changes threatened the traditional Confucian order

17. 8B. Boxer Rebellion (Video)
"Fists of Righteous Harmony" 1900
Causes: Anti-Foreign
Foreign missionaries and business people vs. anti-foreign Chinese, Fists of Righteous Harmony, or Boxers
Boxers with encouragement from the empress Ci Xi attacked and killed missionaries and business people

19. Countries Warships (units) Marines (men) Army (men) Japan 18 540
Troops of the Eight nations alliance in Left to right: Britain, United States, Russia, British India, Germany, France, Austria, Italy, Japan.
Countries
Warships (units)
Marines (men)
Army (men)
Japan 18
540
20,300
Russia 10
750
12,400
United Kingdom 8
2,020
10,000
France 5
390
3,130
United States 2
295
3,125
Germany
600
300
Austria–Hungary 4
296
Italy 80
Total 54
4,971
49,255

20. 8B. Boxer Rebellion Effects: Western armies destroyed the revolt
On August 14, 1900, an international force finally captured Beijing, relieving the foreigners and Christians besieged there since June 20. While foreign troops looted the capital, the empress dowager and her court fled to Xi’an, leaving behind a few imperial princes to conduct the negotiations. After extensive discussions, a protocol was finally signed in September 1901, ending the hostilities and providing for reparations to be made to the foreign powers
Effects:
Western armies destroyed the revolt
Occupation: China was forced to allow foreign troops on Chinese soil
Forced to allow foreign warships in Chinese waters

21. 8C. Revolution of 1911 Causes:
Qing Dynasty collapsed soon after Ci Xi’s death – end of dynastic rule
1911 China declared itself a republic, ending ancient system of imperial rule
Civil War raged because there was no well organized government to replace the Qing Dynasty

22. 8C. Revolution of 1911 Effects: End Dynastic rule new republic
Dr. Sun Yatsen helped to organize the Nationalist party
Father of Modern China
Civil War raged because there was no well organized government to replace the Qing Dynasty

24. 9. Founder of Guomindang Dr. Sun Yatsen Guomindang: Nationalist Party
Goals: “Three Principles of the People”
Called for nationalism
Supported democracy
Ensuring a decent living for all Chinese

25. 10. New leader of Guomindang
Chiang Kai-shek
Nationalists faced challenged to their authority
Educated, business, urban
Chinese felt strong ties to their own families and had little loyalty to a national state

26. 11. Chinese Communist Party
CCP joined forces with the Nationalist to expel foreigners and fight the warlords for a time
Chiang moved against the communists & killed thousands of their supporters
Mao Zedong emerged as leader of the Chinese Communists
Peasant/farmer

27. 12. Long March
Causes:
Chiang launched a fierce campaign to rid China of the Communists
Communists fled from Chiang’s armies in 1934
Moved over 6,000 miles from southeastern China to northwestern province of Shaanxi to regroup
90,000 set out on the “Long March,” only 7,000 survived

29. 12. Long March
Effects:
While Chiang was battling the Communists, the Japanese invaded China
Seized Manchuria
Many Chinese called for Chiang and Mao to set aside differences and fight the Japanese together
Symbol of the bitter hardships Communists endured before they eventually gained power
regroup

30. Japanese Invasion – 1930s
Mao and Chiang combine forces to remove Japanese
Rape of Nanking:
In late 1937, over a period of six weeks, Imperial Japanese Army forces brutally murdered hundreds of thousands of people–including both soldiers and civilians–in the Chinese city of Nanking (or Nanjing). The horrific events are known as the Nanking Massacre or the Rape of Nanking, as between 20,000 and 80,000 women were sexually assaulted – Link
Communists win control of government after WWII