1. ELEC-E8422 Introduction to Electrical Energy Systems
FUTURE POWER SYSTEMS
Matti Lehtonen

2. AC vs. DC in distribution systems and in buildings

3. AC vs. DC losses

4. DC in future houses

5. Control and automation

6. SELF-HEALING NETWORKS
Smart Grids – Self Healing
Remote control and monitoring
Automatic switching in faults
Quick fault location
And the result:
Shorter outages
Better power quality
Better system maintenance
The distribution system especially in rural areas must be modernized. Disturbances and local interruptions are not always detected by the system and thus the repair takes much time.
When residential consumers are connected those interruptions are less critical and an investment in more sophisticated automation systems has rarely been made.
If individual consumers shall take a more active part in managing the system or with indiviual consumers becoming a small scale generator the level of automation of the distribution system has to be increased.
In the future supply reliability is more critical 6

7. An Example of Self-Healing Network
looped MV-system with remote control

8. Smart Grid integrates decentralized energy sources,
Controlled flexible loads and energy storages
The ETP SmartGrids was set up in 2005 to create a joint vision for the European networks of 2020 and beyond. The platform includes representatives from industry, transmission and distribution system operators, research bodies and regulators. . It has identified clear objectives and proposes an ambitious strategy to make a reality of this vision for the benefits of Europe and its electricity customers.
Source: European technology plateform (ETP)

9. Challenge of renewables: intermittent production and power balance
Variation of wind power in
Three subsequent days in Germany
Variation of PV production in three subsequent days in Finland

10. Smart Grids and Power Balance
In present power systems even moderate share of renewables cause difficulties:
In Denmark wind production frequently exceeds power demand  negative prices in electricity exchange !
In Germany 3% share ot PV production has led to 50.2 Hz problem  requirements to tune down PV production !
Substantial increase of renewable power generation, both in centralized plants and at distributed locations, is impossible without better control of power balance using Smart Grid technologies

11. DEVELOPMENT OF MARKETS – PRICE VOLATILITY AND BALANCE MANAGEMENT DUE TO RENEWABLES
Picture: M. Supponen
When markets integrate, energy balance gets more challenging also in Nordic countries
Nordic hydro used more for leveling German wind and solar…
Prices of power today more volatile in Central Europe (red: german, blue Nordic), what about in future ….

12. Flexibility gap and options

14. Demand Response potential
Of household loads about 50% are timely flexible
This is 10-20% of system peak load
Can be used for leveling renewable variations
In future, another 10-20% can be obtaned
From intelligent EV charging

15. Demand Response capacity of space heating
AHU Ts Te
Hame
Has
Hae
fhc Ca
Hag Tg Ta
Demand Response in optimizing partial storage
Modeling the house (to the left) and
Modeling the controlled targets in heating system

16. Schematic of Energy Hub
Temp. band
Heat Gains
TES Losses

17. Demand Response in market optimization
Demand Response in optimizing partial storage
Space heating  shifting demand from peak price

18. WIND POWER PARKS IN GERMANY
FAST INCREASE IN WIND CAPACITY IN GERMANY:
August GW of renewables (wind, PV, biomass)

19. Off-shore wind parks

20. Supergrid Jännite 735 kV AC 500 kV DC 800 kV DC Tehohäviöt/1000 km
6,7 %
6,6 %
3,5 %
Siirtokapasiteetti
3 GW
6,4 GW

21. AC versus DC in transmission
LCC – line commutated converter
VSC – voltage source converter

22. Wind parks connection in DC-super grid ?

23. POTENTIAL OF SOLAR POWER

24. Desertec – solar power from North-Africa to Europe ?
Mahdollisia HVDC-linjoja Euroopan kulutuskeskuksille
CSP-tuotantolaitoksilta (keskittävä aurinkovoimalaitos)

25. FUTURE … IoT & IoE nZEB by 2021
Future vision of EU: % of power production by renewables
Occasionally huge excess of wind and solar
Power balance and network capacity at risk
High demand for:
POWER SINK BY DEMAND RESPONSE
ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
MEANS TO CONVERT EXCESS POWER TO FUELS
Electric Vehicles: ICE cars to be replaced by Evs 2030, in Norway, Netherlands, (Germany?), …