5. The French and Indian War
Chapter 5-1 & 5-2
The
French and Indian
War

6. During the late 1600s and early 1700s, the world’s most powerful nations – Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands, established colonies around the world.

7. In North America, all four colonized North America, although the Netherlands lost their colony – New Netherland – to the British. What colony did it become?

8. Britain had the 13 English Colonies and pars of the Ohio River Valley.
Eventually it was just Britain, France, and Spain left to duke it out in North America.
Britain had the 13 English Colonies and pars of the Ohio River Valley.
France settled the St. Lawrence and Ohio River Valleys.
Spain colonized Spanish Florida, New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona.

9. You’ll notice that both Britain and France claimed land in the Ohio River Valley.
Because of this, the French built a series of forts near rivers for protection.

10. British colonists began to push west of the backcountry, west of the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio River Valley.

11. The British hoped to take over some of France’s very profitable fur trading business with the Indians who lived there.

12. Native Americans had long wanted to secure the Ohio River Valley for themselves. They did not like the British or the French on their territory.
Unfortunately they weren’t able to drive either away, so they took sides, hoping a victory for their side would help secure their future.

14. One of the main reasons the French and the British went to
War was over control of
What region?
The Ohio River Valley

15. French forts were built
primarily near what
Geographic feature?
rivers

16. The Algonquin and Huron side with the French.
WHY?
1. The French did not destroy Indian lands by clearing forests to build farms.
2. Some French fur trappers married Indian women and adopted Native American ways.

17. The officers in New France were also given orders about how to deal with other Europeans in the Ohio River Valley:
“Drive from the Ohio River any European foreigners, and do it in a way that will make them lose all taste for trying to return.”

18. Most British did not respect Indian ways.
The British DID destroy Indian land when they cleared forests for farms.
Most British did not respect Indian ways.
The Natives and the British often clashed with one another.
So why would some tribes side with the British?

19. The British became allies with the Iroquois Nation.
British colonists William Johnson married Native American Molly Brant, who was the sister of Mohawk chief Joseph Brant.
Brant helped create the alliance between the Iroquois and the British.

20. Some Natives sided with the British because they charged less for trade goods than the French.

21. Between 1689 and 1748, Great Britain and France had fought for control of the Ohio River Valley three times.

22. What were some of the reasons the Hurons and Algonquins
Sided with the French.
The French did not destroy
Indian land to build farms.
They adopted Native traditions and even married Native women.
Most were hunters and trappers and not settlers.

23. The message to the French: GET OUT!
In 1753, Virginia’s Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie asked young Major George Washington to bring a message to the French in the Ohio River Valley.
The message to the French: GET OUT!
Cool fact: Washington was selected for this trip because of the knowledge of the region he obtained as a surveyor at age 15!
Washington, you see, had a thing for MATH!

24. In the mid 1700s, wealthy Virginians had claimed land in the Ohio River Valley.
Concerned about the security of their claims, the Virginians asked Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie to build a fort where the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers meet.

25. Colonel Washington soon realized that the French had already built a fort at the very spot where he was going to build his fort.
Using information from Indian allies, Washington led a surprise attack on a French scouting party nearby.
He was victorious, but the French would quickly launch a counter attack.

26. Washington and his men had to build a stockade, and fast
Washington and his men had to build a stockade, and fast. They lashed together a small structure called Fort Necessity.

28. Washington was released to Virginia.
The attack on Fort Necessity began and Washington and his men were outnumbered. They were forced to surrender.
Washington was released to Virginia.
The French and Indian War had begun.

30. Indians take sides over it South of Great Lakes
Major Washington delivers a message
French claimed
OHIO RIVER
VALLEY
Indian claimed
This is a region
Wealthy Virginians start
To move there
War is begun over it

31. British need Indian ally Molly’s brother
alliance with the British
William Johnson
Joseph Brant
William marries Molly
This is a Native
Mohawk Chief
He has a British name

33. THE ALBANY CONGRESS
While Washington was busy at Fort Necessity, delegates from seven of the 13 British colonies met in Albany, NY.
Their objectives?
1. To secure the Iroquois as allies.
2. To plan a colonial defense.

34. Neither part was successful
Neither part was successful. The Iroquois were convinced that the fighting between the British and the French would lead to their tribe’s destruction. Therefore, they left without agreeing to help the British.

35. Ben Franklin, the delegate from Pennsylvania, urged the colonies to unite together under, “one central government.”

37. Under the plan, all 13 Colonies would come together under a Grand Council, which was made up of representatives from each colony.
The Council would make laws, raise taxes, and set up the defense of the colonies.
To Franklin’s great disappointment, not one colony agreed. None wanted to give up any power to a central council.

38. Strengths and Weaknesses
The French Advantages:
New France had one, single government that could make decisions quickly.
[The British had to have the approval of all 13 colonial governments before any decisions were made!]
2. The French had many more Indian allies.

39. The colonies had a population 15 times larger than in New France.
British Advantages:
The colonies had a population 15 times larger than in New France.
The colonies were clustered along the east coast and therefore easier to defend.
The British had some Indian allies.
The British had a superior navy.

40. British General “Bulldog” Braddock was a successful leader on an open battlefield, but he struggled leading men in the Ohio wilderness.
Despite warnings of danger ahead, Braddock led his troops into a surprise guerilla attack.
French sharpshooters picked off British soldiers, whose bright red uniforms made them easy targets.

41. Many officers were killed in this attack
Many officers were killed in this attack. General Braddock lost five horses in the attack. Eventually, he was fatally shot as well. Half the company was killed or wounded.
Close Call: Washington was not hurt, although he had four bullet holes in his coat.
Washington was put in command of the rest of the men. He would guard the Virginia border against Indian attacks.

43. Capture of Fort William Henry The British were losing hope.
While the British were losing battles, the French were winning battles:
Capture of Fort Oswego
Capture of Fort William Henry
The British were losing hope.

46. The Tide Turns
William Pitt becomes the head of the British government.
He orders Britain’s best generals to North America.
He vows large payments for military service and supplies.

47. Pitt’s efforts worked!
Major General Jeffrey Amherst captured Louisbourg (the most important French fort in French Canada).
The Iroquois persuade the Delaware to burn and abandon the French at Fort Duquesne, which the British then quickly seized the remains. The would rebuild and rename it Fort Pitt.

50. The British also enjoyed victories at Fort Niagara, Crown Point, and Fort Ticonderoga.
Then, Pitt sent General James Wolfe to attack Fort Quebec, which was vital for France to maintain control of the St. Lawrence River.

51. Fort Quebec was not heavily defended because it was naturally protected. It sat atop a tall cliff. French General Marquis de Montcalm, however, was prepared to fight off any British attack.
British General Wolfe launched a daring attack on Fort Quebec. He ordered his men to scale the cliffs and organize on top. General Montcalm was shocked to see 4,000British troops greeting he and his men on the fort’s Plains of Abraham.

53. Both Wolfe and Montcalm were killed in the battle over Fort Quebec, but in the end the French surrendered it to the British.

54. Unfortunately, it raged on in Europe for many more years.
Treaty of Paris
After Fort Quebec fell, the British quickly took Montreal and the war in North America was over.
Unfortunately, it raged on in Europe for many more years.

55. In 1763 Britain and France signed the TREATY OF PARIS, officially ending the French and Indian War.
Britain gained Canada and all French land east of the Mississippi River.
Spain, which sided with France, gave up Spanish Florida to the British, but in return they received all French land west of the Mississippi River, including New Orleans.

57. So don’t forget to study your outlines!
By Failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail.
So don’t forget to study your outlines!

58. Colonies don’t want to unite
Franklin says to UNITE!
War with Britain
Join, or Die.
Need to prepare
Albany Congress
13 Colonies meet
Indians say no
Get Iroquois support
Colonies don’t want to unite

59. THE END