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Becoming a Superpower APUSH, Unit 12.

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1 Becoming a Superpower APUSH, Unit 12

2 Post WW1 Foreign Policy Unilateral … acting independently
Didn’t join League of Nations Promote a vision of international order Maintain US Isolationism “Select” Military Intervention “Dollar Diplomacy” (1910s-1920s) “Good Neighbor Policy (1930s)

3 Limits Imposed by Washington Conference, 1921-22
Post WW1 Foreign Policy International Investment Dawes Plan (1924) Peace Treaties Washington Disarmament Conference ( ) Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) Limits Imposed by Washington Conference,

4 TOTALITARIANISM Fascism Communism Militarism Nazism Italy
Benito Mussolini (1922) Communism Soviet Union Joseph Stalin (1925) Militarism Japan (early 1930s) Nazism Germany Adolph Hitler (1933)

5 TOTALITARIANISM Foreign Aggression American Reaction
Japan  China (1931, 1937) Italy  Ethiopia (1935) Germany & Rhineland (1936) American Reaction Concern … but opposed to US action Nye Committee (1934) Neutrality Acts ( ) FDR’s Quarantine Speech (1937) Sen. Gerald Nye

6 March Toward War 1939 1940 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Invasion of Poland  WORLD WAR II begins Neutrality Act of 1939 (“cash-and-carry”) 1940 War in Europe Battle of Britain “Destroyers-for-Bases” deal Tripartite Act Axis Powers

7 America Enters the War 1941 Lend-Lease (4/1941)
Germany Invades USSR (6/1941) Atlantic Charter (8/1941) Embargo of 1941 Japanese-US Negotiations (9/1941) December 7, 1941 Roosevelt and Churchill at Atlantic Charter Meeting, 1941

8 WW2 & American Society American view of WW2
Democracy vs. fascism & militarism “city upon a hill” Office of War Information (OWI) Military Mobilization High enlistment rates (6-million) Selective Service & Training Act (1940) GI Bill of Rights (1944)

9 WW2 & American Society Economic Mobilization Controlling Inflation
THE NATIONAL DEBT Economic Mobilization “Arsenal of Democracy” Office for War Mobilization (OWM) Controlling Inflation Office of Price Administration (OPA) Rationing Financing the War Taxes & War Bonds Volunteerism Victory Gardens B-25 Assembly Line

10 WW2 & American Society Mobilization  Job Opportunities Women
in the workforce “Rosie the Riveter” African Americans A. Phillip Randolph Executive Order 8802 “Double V”

11 WW2 & American Society Latin American Migration
Bracero Program Zoot Suit Riot (1943) Japanese-American Internment Executive Order 9066 Korematsu v. United States (1944) Social & Constitutional Questions Racial Segregation? Fight for Democracy?

12 Military Theaters of WW2
American view of WW2 Democracy vs. fascism & militarism Reinforced by Japanese wartime atrocities Nazi concentration camps & the Holocaust U.S. & Allied victory because Allied cooperation Science & Technological Advances Contributions of servicemen & women

13 Military Theaters of WW2
Pacific Theater Pearl Harbor, 12/7/1941 Bataan Death March, 4/9/1942 Extent of Japanese Control Turning Point Battle of Midway, 6/4 – 6/7/1942 Island-Hopping Nimitz & MacArthur Guadalcanal  Tarawa  Guam  Saipan Bombing of Japanese Cities Iwo Jima & Okinawa (Feb. – June 1945)

14 Military Theaters of WW2
European Theater Turning Point Stalingrad, North Africa  Italy, 11/1942 – 7/1943 Patton & Bradley Invasion of Normandy, 6/6/1944 “D-Day” Invasion Dwight Eisenhower Battle of the Bulge, 12/1944

15 European Victory & Horrors of War
Wurzberg Bombing Germany Election of 1944 FDR & Truman Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) April 1945 FDR dies (4/12) Hitler suicide (4/30) Germany Surrenders, Liberation of Concentration Camps Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp, April 1945 (Imperial War Museum)

16 Pacific Victory and Horrors of War
Potsdam Conference (July 17 – August 2, 1945) Atomic bomb Manhattan Project Trinity Test, 7/16/1945 Hiroshima & Nagasaki August 1945 Debate on morality Japan Surrenders, 8/14/1945 WW2 ends … Cold War Begins

17 Post WW2 Foreign Policy Multi-lateral … acting w/ WW2 Allies
United Nations Collective Security International Aid Postwar Economic Institutions “non-Communist” in nature

18 US-Soviet Relations to 1945
Wartime Conferences Teheran Conference, 1943 D-Day Invasion, 6/1944 Bretton Woods Conference, 1944 International Monetary Fund Internat’l Bank for Reconstruction & Development (World Bank) No Soviet participation Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 1944 United Nations, 4/25/1945 UN Security Council

19 US-Soviet Relations to 1945
Potsdam Conference, 1945 A-Bomb Postwar Germany Nuremburg Trials ( ) German Occupation Zones “Iron Curtain” Winston Churchill satellite states Churchill and Truman, "Iron Curtain Speech," March 5, 1946

20 Containment in Europe George Kennan The Truman Doctrine
The Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift National Security Act (1947) NSC / CIA North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

21 “Containment” at Home The Second Red Scare HUAC, est. 1939
House Un-American Activities Committee Espionage Cases Alger Hiss, 1948 Ethel & Julius Rosenberg, 1951 Joseph McCarthy – McCarthyism, 1950 Army-McCarthy Hearings, 1954 Venona Papers

22 Using this image from 1949, answer parts a, b, & c.
Briefly explain the point of view expressed by the artist. Briefly explain ONE development in the period that could be used to support this point of view. Briefly explain ONE development in the period that could be used to challenge this point of view.

23 Cold War & the World Nuclear Arms Race Decolonization & Nationalism
Atomic Bomb 1945  1949 Atomic fission Nuclear Bomb “H-bomb” 1952  1953 Atomic fusion Decolonization & Nationalism US vs. USSR in the “3rd World” “nonalignment” Asia / Middle East / Africa / Latin America

24 Cold War & the World Asia China Korean War, 1950-1953
Communist Revolution, 1949 People’s Republic of China Korean War, 38th parallel “police action” (UN) Truman & MacArthur Total war vs. “limited war” Armistice, 1953

25 Cold War & the World Eisenhower’s “New Look” Military
Brinkmanship & “Massive Retaliation” US-Soviet Relations Nikita Khrushchev “peaceful coexistence” Geneva Summit, 1955 Hungarian Revolt, 1956 Second Berlin Crisis, 1958 U-2 Spy Plane Incident, 1960

26 Cold War & the World Asia – Vietnam, 1954 Middle East Latin America
Iran & Covert Action (1953) Shah Reza Pahlavi Egypt & Suez Crisis (7/1956) Eisenhower Doctrine Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Latin America Guatemala & Covert Action, 1954 Cuba, 1959

27 Kennedy’s Cold War Peace Corps Bay of Pigs Invasion Berlin Wall
Cuba, April 1961 Berlin Wall August 1961 Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct. 1962 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Massive Retaliation  Mutually Assured Destruction Flexible Response Détente

28

29 The Election of 1948 Democratic Split Republican Thomas Dewey Results
Progressive Party -- Henry Wallace States’ Rights Party (Dixiecrats) Strom Thurmond Republican Thomas Dewey Results Truman’s “Fair Deal”

30 Eisenhower Takes Command
Domestic Policies Modern Republicanism Immigration “Operation Wetback” (1954) Interstate Highway System Highway Act of 1956 Election of 1956

31 Eisenhower Takes Command
The Election of 1952 Dwight Eisenhower Richard Nixon Dem. Adlai Stevenson Ending McCarthyism Army-McCarthy Hearings (1954)

32 Eisenhower’s Cold War Sputnik (1957) Second Berlin Crisis (11/1958)
National Defense and Education Act (1958) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1958) Second Berlin Crisis (11/1958) Nixon & Khrushchev “visits” Kitchen Debates U-2 incident (5/1960)

33 National Defense Budget, 1940-1999
Transition in 1960 Eisenhower’s Farewell Address “Military-Industrial Complex” Election of 1960 Republican Richard Nixon Democrat John Kennedy National Defense Budget,

34 Kennedy’s Cold War Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962)
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (July 1963) Massive Retaliation = Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) Flexible Response Détente

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