1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to
Anatomy & Physiology

2. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
All parts of an animal’s body are like components to a machine.
These components include:
Atoms
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
As future LVTs it is your responsibility to understand this machine and how it works, in order to effectively care for it.
We must be able to differentiate “normal” from “abnormal”.

3. Anatomy and Physiology
______________: the form and structure of the body and its parts.
What it looks like and where it is located.
______________: the function of the body and its parts.
How it works/what it does.

4. Types of Anatomy
____________________ anatomy: anatomy of structures so small that a microscope is required to view them clearly.
____________________ anatomy: anatomy that deals with body parts large enough to be seen with the unaided eye such as organs, muscles and bones.
AKA- gross anatomy
_________________ anatomy: study of individual areas or “regions” of the body.
_________________ anatomy: study of individual systems of the body.
There may be overlap in some of these areas. *

5. Body Systems
Skeletal: ____________________________________________________
Integumentary: ________________________________________________
Nervous: _____________________________________________________
Cardiovascular/Circulatory: ______________________________________
Respiratory: __________________________________________________
Digestive: ____________________________________________________
Muscular: ____________________________________________________
Sensory: _____________________________________________________
Endocrine: ___________________________________________________
Urinary: _____________________________________________________
Reproductive: ________________________________________________

6. Terminology
We need specific anatomical terminology to be clear and accurate with descriptions of body parts.
Anatomical terms are based on imaginary slices through the animal’s body called ________________ that can be used as points of reference.
Anatomical terms are also based on ________________ terms that have opposite meanings of one another.

7. Describe this dog’s injury

8. The 4 anatomical planes of reference

9. Anatomical Planes of Reference
The 4 anatomical planes of reference are:
____________________ plane:
A plane that runs the length of the body and divides it into left and right parts that are not equal halves.
2. ___________________ plane (mid-sagittal plane):
A special kind of sagittal plane that runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves. The center of the body is called the MIDLINE.

10. Anatomical Planes of Reference
3. _____________________ plane: A plane across the body that divides it into cranial (head-end) and caudal (tail-end) parts that are not necessarily equal. 4. _____________________ plane: A plane at right angles to the sagittal and transverse planes. It divides the body into dorsal (toward the back) and ventral (toward the belly) parts that are not necessarily equal.

11. Directional Terms
Provide a common language for accurately and clearly describing body structures, regardless of the position of the animal’s body.
Terms generally occur in pairs that have opposite meanings and are used to describe positions of body parts as they apply to anatomical planes.

12. Directional Terms Direction Individual’s left Individual’s right
Toward the head end of the body
Toward the tip of the nose (head only)
Toward the tail end of the body
Toward the back
Toward the belly
Toward the median plane
Away from the median plane
Toward the center (whole body or part)
Toward the surface (whole body or part)
Toward the body (extremity)
Away from the body (extremity)
“Back” of forelimb distal to carpus
“Back” of hindlimb distal to tarsus
“Front” of forelimb & hindlimb
distal to carpus & tarsus
Domestic Animal
Left
Right
Cranial
Rostral
Caudal
Dorsal
Ventral
Medial
Lateral
Deep (internal)
Superficial (external)
Proximal
Distal
Palmar
Plantar
Human
Superior*
Nasal*
Inferior*
Posterior*
Anterior*
Anterior
Be sure to add the table 12

13. Directional Terms
LEFT and RIGHT refer to the ___________’s left and right.
CRANIAL and CAUDAL refer to the two “ends” of the animal as it stands on four legs. These terms are created by a transverse plane.
cranial = toward the ____________
caudal = toward the ____________
__________ means towards the tip of the nose and replaces the term “cranial” on the head.

14. Directional Terms
DORSAL and VENTRAL refer to “up and down”. These terms are created by a dorsal plane.
dorsal = toward the ____________
ventral = toward the ____________
MEDIAL and LATERAL refer to positions relative to the median plane.
medial = _____________ the midline
lateral = _____________ the midline

15. Directional Terms
DEEP and SUPERFICIAL refer to the position of something relative to the center or surface of the body.
deep = toward the ___________ of the body (internal)
superficial = toward the ___________ of the body or a body part (external).
PROXIMAL and DISTAL describe positions only on extremities.
proximal = _______________ the body
distal = _________________ the body

16. RECUMBENCIES
LEFT LATERAL
RIGHT LATERAL
STERNAL
DORSAL