1. CASE STUDIES OF PUBLIC SPACE Presentation by Dr. Chunxia Yang
CASE STUDY AND CRITICISM IN URBAN DESIGN (PUBLIC SPACE)
Presentation by Dr. Chunxia Yang
Lecture 1
CASE STUDIES
OF PUBLIC SPACE

2. PUBLIC SPACE

3. WHAT IS PUBLIC SPACE

4. THE NARROW DEFINITION
Public space relates to all those parts of the built and natural environment where the public has free access. It encompasses: all the streets, squares and other rights of way, whether predominantly in residential, commercial or community/civic uses; the open spaces and parks; and the “public/private” spaces where public access is unrestricated (at least during daylight hours. It includes the interfaces with key internal and external and private spaces to which the public normally has free access.
——Matthew Carmona, Claudio de Magalhães and Leo Hammond
《Public space: the management dimension》, 2008

5. The gated community only have access for residents
The waterfront seems to serve all people

6. WHY STUDY ON PUBLIC SPACE

7. A growing awareness of the value of public space
In the UK, former Prime Minister Tony Blair marked a decisive shift in national policy by calling for cleaner and safer streets

8. A growing awareness of the value of public space
Some countries are constructing more public spaces for pedestrians
In Copenhagen, over the past forty years, a total of 100,000 m2 once devoted to motorised traffic have been converted to traffic-free city space for pedestrians. Now 80% of the movement through the city center is foot traffic.
Plaza (Kultorvet)
Pedestrian street (Stroget)
Harbor (Nyhavn)

9. A growing awareness of the value of public space
Some countries are constructing more public spaces for pedestrians
Public space has a strong relationship with people’s life
concerts speakers rallies sunbath
protests yoga workshops memorials
bazaars markets festivals ceremonies

10. THE VALUE OF PUBLIC SPACE

11. ECONOMICAL
HEALTHY
THE VALUE OF
PUBLIC SPACE
SOCIAL
ENVIRON- MENTAL

12. ECONOMICALLY
can have a positive impact on property prices – research suggests variously between 5 per cent (Colin Buchanan and Partners 2007), 8 per cent (Luttik 2000) and 15 per cent ( Peiser and Schwann 1993) or even up to 34 per cent in some circumstances (CAVE 2005)
is good for business – boosting commercial trading by 40 per cent in one case (DoE and ATCM 1997)
raises land value and levels of investment (Luther and Gruehin 2001; Philips 2000)
helps boost regional economic performance (Frontier Economics 2004)
Tai Ping Qiao District, Shanghai

13. FOR HUMAN HEALTH
can encourage exercise with associated health benefits – for example reducing the risk of heart attack, diabetes, colon cancer and bone fractures (Hakim 1999 et al.)
can influence a longer life (Takano et al. 2002)
provides a space for formal and informal sports and games (Woolley 2003)
reduces stress and enhances mental health (Hartig et al. 2003; Halpern 1995)
enhances child health – for example helping parents manage children with attention deficit disorder (Taylor et al. 2001)

14. SOCIALLY
Political events
Commercial events
dilivers learning benefits to children, creative play, and reduces absenteeism (Fjortoft 2001; Taylor et al. 1998
nurtures social and cognitive skills (Pellegrini and Blatchford 1993)
can help to reduce incidents of crime and anti-social behavior (Mckay 1998)
Promotes neighbourliness and social cohesion (Baulkwill 2002)
provides a venue for social events (Schuster 1995) and social interchange (Mean and Tims 2005)
Reduces child mortality – by avoiding car-dominated environments (Living Streets 2001)

15. ENVIRONMENTALLY
can encourage the use of sustainable modes of transport (Gehl and Gemzøe 1996; 2000)
Improves air quality, reduces heat island effects, pollution and water run-off (Littlefair et al. 2000; Whitford et al. 2001; Shashua-Bar and Hoffman 2000; Upmanis 2000)
creates opportunities for urban wildlife to flourish (Shoard 2003)
Century Park, Shanghai
East Tidelands of Chongming Island, Shanghai

16. PUBLIC SPACE CHARACTER

17. Sad: Vietnam Veteran Memorial, DC
Pleasant: Piazza San Marco, Venice

18. CONTEXTS
ELEMENTS
PUBLIC
SPACE
CHARACTER
QUA-LITIES

19. ELEMENTS Buildings Infrastructure Landscape Uses Walls Structure
Windows
Entrances/exists
Balconies
Shopfronts
Signage
Building lighting
Floodlighting
Artwork
Decoration
Canopies
Colonnades
Skyline
Corners
Flags/banners
Monuments
Trees
Planting beds
Lawns and verges
Planters
Paving
Road surfaces
Traffic calming
Steps
Boundary walls
Fountains
Public art
Signage
Advertising
Street furniture
Bollards
Shelters
Festive decorations
Events
Gatherings
Street entertainment
Street trading
Markets
External eating
Kiosks
play grounds
Parks
Sports facilities
Retail uses
Leisure uses
Community uses
Homes
Workplaces
Industrial uses
tourism
Roads and cycle lanes
Bus stops/shelters
Tram/bus lanes
Road signage
Telegraph polls
Telecommunications
Equipment
Street lighting
Telematics
Parking bays
Public toilets
Waste bins
CCTV polls
Telephone boxes
Gutters/drainage
Utilities boxes
Underground services
Servicing bays

20. Performing place
Market place
Exercise place
Diagnosis place

21. QUALITIES Squares – Whyte (1980) Moveable seats
Squares should be in a good location
Streets should be part of the “social” space
The space should be level or almost level with the pavement
There should be places to sit
Moveable seats facilitated choice and opportunity to communicate character and personality
Moveable seats

22. QUALITIES Squares – Whyte (1980) Parks – MORI (2000)
Squares should be in a good location
Streets should be part of the “social” space
The space should be level or almost level with the pavement
There should be places to sit
Moveable seats facilitated choice and opportunity to communicate character and personality
Parks – MORI (2000)
Streets – The Audit Commission (2002)
Safety
Cleanliness
Tidiness
Access for all
Provision for dogs
Pleasant
Attractive
Well designed
Free from danger pollution and noise
Functional
Litter free
Not repeatedly dug up
Diverse, to cater for all needs
– peaceful and lively, business and play

23. CONTEXTS Relative urbanity: High density urban Medium density urban
Suburban
Rural
Relative sensitivity:
Conservation area
Ecologically sensitive area
Regeneration area
Non-designated area
Contexts
Major land-use
category:
Residential area
Town city center
Local center
Retail park
Office/science park
Industrial area
Park/open space
Socio-economic context:
High income
Medium income
Low income
Specialist category:
Waterfront
Transport interchange
Derelict site

24. CLASSIFYING PUBLIC SPACE

25. BY MEANS OF CONTROL – Van Melik et al. (2007)
Secured public space
Themed public space
BY HOW USERS ENGAGE WITH SPACE – Dines and Cattell
(2006)
Everyday places
Places of meaning
Social environments
Places of retreat
Negative spaces
BY FORM – Zucker’s (1959)
Closed space
Dominated space
Nuclear space
Grouped space
Amorphous space

26. BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) Public parks Squares and plazas
Memorials
Markets
Streets
Playgrounds
Community open spaces
Greenways and parkways
Atrium/
indoor market spaces
10. Found spaces/
everyday spaces
11. waterfronts

27. BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) Public parks Squares and plazas
World Trade Center Memorial, Newyork
BY FUNCTION
-- Carr et al. (1992)
Public parks
Squares and plazas
Memorials
Markets
Streets
Playgrounds
Community open spaces
Greenways and parkways
Atrium/
indoor market spaces
10. Found spaces/
everyday spaces
11. waterfronts

28. BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) Public parks Squares and plazas
Waterfront community, Hamburg
Community, Vancouver
Public parks
Squares and plazas
Memorials
Markets
Streets
Playgrounds
Community open spaces
Greenways and parkways
Atrium/
indoor market spaces
10. Found spaces/
everyday spaces
11. waterfronts

29. BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) Public parks Squares and plazas
Memorials
Markets
Streets
Playgrounds
Community open spaces
Greenways and parkways
Atrium/
indoor market spaces
10. Found spaces/
everyday spaces
11. waterfronts
BCE Place, Toronto

30. BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) Public parks Squares and plazas
Ponte Rialto, Venice (outside)
Public parks
Squares and plazas
Memorials
Markets
Streets
Playgrounds
Community open spaces
Greenways and parkways
Atrium/
indoor market spaces
10. Found spaces/
everyday spaces
11. waterfronts
Ponte Rialto , Venice (inside)

31. BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) Public parks Squares and plazas
Memorials
Markets
Streets
Playgrounds
Community open spaces
Greenways and parkways
Atrium/
indoor market spaces
10. Found spaces/
everyday spaces
11. waterfronts

32. CASE STUDIES BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) Public parks
Squares and plazas
Memorials
Markets
Streets
Playgrounds
Community open spaces
Greenways and parkways
Atrium/
indoor market spaces
10. Found spaces/
everyday spaces
11. waterfronts

33. CASE STUDY

34. WHAT IS CASE STUDY

35. An empirical inquiry into real-life phenomenon
A research method requiring multiple sourses of data
A story used to teach or demonstrate a lesson
A method that is easy to get excited about

36. WHY DO WE NEED CASE STUDY

37. Case study is a easy way to learn design, from cases more than theories
Case study can set up your own cretiria to evaluate the cases, form different views of phisical form, environmental, economic and social
Case study helps to do some design of projects
Case study helps to learn some methods about how to start the dissertation

38. CASE STUDY
RESEARCH QUESTIONS

39. WHAT?
EXPLORATORYQUESTIONS
WHEN?
WHERE?
HOW?
WHO?
WHY?
EXPLANATORYQUESTIONS

40. DESIGNING CASE STUDY

41. 1. The Study’s Questions of Intent
helps guide you in your research

42. 1. The Study’s Questions of Intent
helps guide you in your research
2. The Study’s Proposition Ideas or Expected Outcomes
helps in identifying cases and research methodology

43. PROPOSITION 1. The Study’s Questions of Intent
helps guide you in your research
2. The Study’s Proposition Ideas or Expected Outcomes
helps in identifying cases and research methodology
“the public participation is the key point of the case success”
PROPOSITION
Q 1: “Who led the public organization?”
Q 2: “What is the impetus of the public participation?”

44. 1. The Study’s Questions of Intent
helps guide you in your research
2. The Study’s Proposition Ideas or Expected Outcomes
helps in identifying cases and research methodology
3. A Rigorous Set of Units of Analysis
helps in identifying what you will measure

45. PROPOSITION 1. The Study’s Questions of Intent
helps guide you in your research
2. The Study’s Proposition Ideas or Expected Outcomes
helps in identifying cases and research methodology
3. A Rigorous Set of Units of Analysis
helps in identifying what you will measure
“the public participation is the key point of the case success”
PROPOSITION
Unit 1: “the relationship between the public participation and social ideology”
Unit 2: “public participation in the other successful projects”,
Unit 3:“the public participation method”

46. PROPOSITION 1. The Study’s Questions of Intent
helps guide you in your research
2. The Study’s Proposition Ideas or Expected Outcomes
helps in identifying cases and research methodology
3. A Rigorous Set of Units of Analysis
helps in identifying what you will measure
“the public participation is the key point of the case success”
PROPOSITION
Unit 1: “the relationship between the public participation and social ideology”
Unit 2: “public participation in the other successful projects”,
Unit 3:“the public participation method”

47. 1. The Study’s Questions of Intent
helps guide you in your research
2. The Study’s Proposition Ideas or Expected Outcomes
helps in identifying cases and research methodology
3. A Rigorous Set of Units of Analysis
helps in identifying what you will measure
4. The Logic Linking the Data to the Propositions
what are you trying to understand? Uniqueness, difference, causality
5. The Criteria for Interpreting the Findings
how do you make sense of all the data?

48. CASE STUDY RESEARCH TYPES

49. SINGLE IN-DEPTH CASE RESEARCH 1
MULTIPLE CASES RESEARCH >1
Comparative cases
Matched set cases
Range of cases
Reference/Precedent cases

50. THANK YOU!