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CASE STUDIES OF PUBLIC SPACE Presentation by Dr. Chunxia Yang
CASE STUDY AND CRITICISM IN URBAN DESIGN (PUBLIC SPACE) Presentation by Dr. Chunxia Yang Lecture 1 CASE STUDIES OF PUBLIC SPACE
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PUBLIC SPACE
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WHAT IS PUBLIC SPACE
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THE NARROW DEFINITION Public space relates to all those parts of the built and natural environment where the public has free access. It encompasses: all the streets, squares and other rights of way, whether predominantly in residential, commercial or community/civic uses; the open spaces and parks; and the “public/private” spaces where public access is unrestricated (at least during daylight hours. It includes the interfaces with key internal and external and private spaces to which the public normally has free access. ——Matthew Carmona, Claudio de Magalhães and Leo Hammond 《Public space: the management dimension》, 2008
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The gated community only have access for residents
The waterfront seems to serve all people
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WHY STUDY ON PUBLIC SPACE
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A growing awareness of the value of public space
In the UK, former Prime Minister Tony Blair marked a decisive shift in national policy by calling for cleaner and safer streets
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A growing awareness of the value of public space
Some countries are constructing more public spaces for pedestrians In Copenhagen, over the past forty years, a total of 100,000 m2 once devoted to motorised traffic have been converted to traffic-free city space for pedestrians. Now 80% of the movement through the city center is foot traffic. Plaza (Kultorvet) Pedestrian street (Stroget) Harbor (Nyhavn)
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A growing awareness of the value of public space
Some countries are constructing more public spaces for pedestrians Public space has a strong relationship with people’s life concerts speakers rallies sunbath protests yoga workshops memorials bazaars markets festivals ceremonies
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THE VALUE OF PUBLIC SPACE
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ECONOMICAL HEALTHY THE VALUE OF PUBLIC SPACE SOCIAL ENVIRON- MENTAL
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ECONOMICALLY can have a positive impact on property prices – research suggests variously between 5 per cent (Colin Buchanan and Partners 2007), 8 per cent (Luttik 2000) and 15 per cent ( Peiser and Schwann 1993) or even up to 34 per cent in some circumstances (CAVE 2005) is good for business – boosting commercial trading by 40 per cent in one case (DoE and ATCM 1997) raises land value and levels of investment (Luther and Gruehin 2001; Philips 2000) helps boost regional economic performance (Frontier Economics 2004) Tai Ping Qiao District, Shanghai
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FOR HUMAN HEALTH can encourage exercise with associated health benefits – for example reducing the risk of heart attack, diabetes, colon cancer and bone fractures (Hakim 1999 et al.) can influence a longer life (Takano et al. 2002) provides a space for formal and informal sports and games (Woolley 2003) reduces stress and enhances mental health (Hartig et al. 2003; Halpern 1995) enhances child health – for example helping parents manage children with attention deficit disorder (Taylor et al. 2001)
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SOCIALLY Political events Commercial events dilivers learning benefits to children, creative play, and reduces absenteeism (Fjortoft 2001; Taylor et al. 1998 nurtures social and cognitive skills (Pellegrini and Blatchford 1993) can help to reduce incidents of crime and anti-social behavior (Mckay 1998) Promotes neighbourliness and social cohesion (Baulkwill 2002) provides a venue for social events (Schuster 1995) and social interchange (Mean and Tims 2005) Reduces child mortality – by avoiding car-dominated environments (Living Streets 2001)
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ENVIRONMENTALLY can encourage the use of sustainable modes of transport (Gehl and Gemzøe 1996; 2000) Improves air quality, reduces heat island effects, pollution and water run-off (Littlefair et al. 2000; Whitford et al. 2001; Shashua-Bar and Hoffman 2000; Upmanis 2000) creates opportunities for urban wildlife to flourish (Shoard 2003) Century Park, Shanghai East Tidelands of Chongming Island, Shanghai
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PUBLIC SPACE CHARACTER
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Sad: Vietnam Veteran Memorial, DC
Pleasant: Piazza San Marco, Venice
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CONTEXTS ELEMENTS PUBLIC SPACE CHARACTER QUA-LITIES
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ELEMENTS Buildings Infrastructure Landscape Uses Walls Structure
Windows Entrances/exists Balconies Shopfronts Signage Building lighting Floodlighting Artwork Decoration Canopies Colonnades Skyline Corners Flags/banners Monuments Trees Planting beds Lawns and verges Planters Paving Road surfaces Traffic calming Steps Boundary walls Fountains Public art Signage Advertising Street furniture Bollards Shelters Festive decorations Events Gatherings Street entertainment Street trading Markets External eating Kiosks play grounds Parks Sports facilities Retail uses Leisure uses Community uses Homes Workplaces Industrial uses tourism Roads and cycle lanes Bus stops/shelters Tram/bus lanes Road signage Telegraph polls Telecommunications Equipment Street lighting Telematics Parking bays Public toilets Waste bins CCTV polls Telephone boxes Gutters/drainage Utilities boxes Underground services Servicing bays
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Performing place Market place Exercise place Diagnosis place
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QUALITIES Squares – Whyte (1980) Moveable seats
Squares should be in a good location Streets should be part of the “social” space The space should be level or almost level with the pavement There should be places to sit Moveable seats facilitated choice and opportunity to communicate character and personality Moveable seats
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QUALITIES Squares – Whyte (1980) Parks – MORI (2000)
Squares should be in a good location Streets should be part of the “social” space The space should be level or almost level with the pavement There should be places to sit Moveable seats facilitated choice and opportunity to communicate character and personality Parks – MORI (2000) Streets – The Audit Commission (2002) Safety Cleanliness Tidiness Access for all Provision for dogs Pleasant Attractive Well designed Free from danger pollution and noise Functional Litter free Not repeatedly dug up Diverse, to cater for all needs – peaceful and lively, business and play
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CONTEXTS Relative urbanity: High density urban Medium density urban
Suburban Rural Relative sensitivity: Conservation area Ecologically sensitive area Regeneration area Non-designated area Contexts Major land-use category: Residential area Town city center Local center Retail park Office/science park Industrial area Park/open space Socio-economic context: High income Medium income Low income Specialist category: Waterfront Transport interchange Derelict site
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CLASSIFYING PUBLIC SPACE
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BY MEANS OF CONTROL – Van Melik et al. (2007)
Secured public space Themed public space BY HOW USERS ENGAGE WITH SPACE – Dines and Cattell (2006) Everyday places Places of meaning Social environments Places of retreat Negative spaces BY FORM – Zucker’s (1959) Closed space Dominated space Nuclear space Grouped space Amorphous space
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BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) Public parks Squares and plazas
Memorials Markets Streets Playgrounds Community open spaces Greenways and parkways Atrium/ indoor market spaces 10. Found spaces/ everyday spaces 11. waterfronts
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BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) Public parks Squares and plazas
World Trade Center Memorial, Newyork BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) Public parks Squares and plazas Memorials Markets Streets Playgrounds Community open spaces Greenways and parkways Atrium/ indoor market spaces 10. Found spaces/ everyday spaces 11. waterfronts
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BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) Public parks Squares and plazas
Waterfront community, Hamburg Community, Vancouver Public parks Squares and plazas Memorials Markets Streets Playgrounds Community open spaces Greenways and parkways Atrium/ indoor market spaces 10. Found spaces/ everyday spaces 11. waterfronts
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BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) Public parks Squares and plazas
Memorials Markets Streets Playgrounds Community open spaces Greenways and parkways Atrium/ indoor market spaces 10. Found spaces/ everyday spaces 11. waterfronts BCE Place, Toronto
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BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) Public parks Squares and plazas
Ponte Rialto, Venice (outside) Public parks Squares and plazas Memorials Markets Streets Playgrounds Community open spaces Greenways and parkways Atrium/ indoor market spaces 10. Found spaces/ everyday spaces 11. waterfronts Ponte Rialto , Venice (inside)
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BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) Public parks Squares and plazas
Memorials Markets Streets Playgrounds Community open spaces Greenways and parkways Atrium/ indoor market spaces 10. Found spaces/ everyday spaces 11. waterfronts
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CASE STUDIES BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) Public parks
Squares and plazas Memorials Markets Streets Playgrounds Community open spaces Greenways and parkways Atrium/ indoor market spaces 10. Found spaces/ everyday spaces 11. waterfronts
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CASE STUDY
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WHAT IS CASE STUDY
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An empirical inquiry into real-life phenomenon
A research method requiring multiple sourses of data A story used to teach or demonstrate a lesson A method that is easy to get excited about
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WHY DO WE NEED CASE STUDY
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Case study is a easy way to learn design, from cases more than theories
Case study can set up your own cretiria to evaluate the cases, form different views of phisical form, environmental, economic and social Case study helps to do some design of projects Case study helps to learn some methods about how to start the dissertation
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CASE STUDY RESEARCH QUESTIONS
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WHAT? EXPLORATORYQUESTIONS WHEN? WHERE? HOW? WHO? WHY? EXPLANATORYQUESTIONS
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DESIGNING CASE STUDY
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1. The Study’s Questions of Intent
helps guide you in your research
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1. The Study’s Questions of Intent
helps guide you in your research 2. The Study’s Proposition Ideas or Expected Outcomes helps in identifying cases and research methodology
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PROPOSITION 1. The Study’s Questions of Intent
helps guide you in your research 2. The Study’s Proposition Ideas or Expected Outcomes helps in identifying cases and research methodology “the public participation is the key point of the case success” PROPOSITION Q 1: “Who led the public organization?” Q 2: “What is the impetus of the public participation?”
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1. The Study’s Questions of Intent
helps guide you in your research 2. The Study’s Proposition Ideas or Expected Outcomes helps in identifying cases and research methodology 3. A Rigorous Set of Units of Analysis helps in identifying what you will measure
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PROPOSITION 1. The Study’s Questions of Intent
helps guide you in your research 2. The Study’s Proposition Ideas or Expected Outcomes helps in identifying cases and research methodology 3. A Rigorous Set of Units of Analysis helps in identifying what you will measure “the public participation is the key point of the case success” PROPOSITION Unit 1: “the relationship between the public participation and social ideology” Unit 2: “public participation in the other successful projects”, Unit 3:“the public participation method”
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PROPOSITION 1. The Study’s Questions of Intent
helps guide you in your research 2. The Study’s Proposition Ideas or Expected Outcomes helps in identifying cases and research methodology 3. A Rigorous Set of Units of Analysis helps in identifying what you will measure “the public participation is the key point of the case success” PROPOSITION Unit 1: “the relationship between the public participation and social ideology” Unit 2: “public participation in the other successful projects”, Unit 3:“the public participation method”
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1. The Study’s Questions of Intent
helps guide you in your research 2. The Study’s Proposition Ideas or Expected Outcomes helps in identifying cases and research methodology 3. A Rigorous Set of Units of Analysis helps in identifying what you will measure 4. The Logic Linking the Data to the Propositions what are you trying to understand? Uniqueness, difference, causality 5. The Criteria for Interpreting the Findings how do you make sense of all the data?
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CASE STUDY RESEARCH TYPES
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SINGLE IN-DEPTH CASE RESEARCH 1
MULTIPLE CASES RESEARCH >1 Comparative cases Matched set cases Range of cases Reference/Precedent cases
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THANK YOU!
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