2. Objectives 2. To explain photosynthesis and respiration.
1. To explore tree physiology.
2. To explain photosynthesis and respiration.
3. To discuss factors affecting tree growth.
4. To discover forest stand management.

3. Tree Physiology Includes studying the following: biology of trees
major parts of the tree
functions of the tree
Physiology: the biological study of trees and their parts

4. Major Parts of a Tree Include the following three parts: root system
trunk and branches
leaves or foliage
crown

5. Root System Has the following purposes: secures plant into soil
stores nutrients
absorbs and transports water and nutrients

6. Trunk & Branches Serve the following purposes:
support foliage and extend branch growth so leaves can gain maximum exposure to light
store nutrients for the plant
provide passageway for water and nutrients from one part of a tree to the other

7. Leaves & Foliage Serve the following purposes:
through photosynthesis, produce sugar which creates energy for plant growth
allows evaporation to take place in order to keep a constant flow of water throughout the tree

8. Crown Is the entire above ground area of a tree
Includes the following parts:
branches
leaves
reproductive structures such as fruits and flowers

9. Respiration
Provides energy to cells for growth by oxidizing carbohydrates
Glucose +
Oxygen =
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Energy
C6H12O6
6O2
6CO2
6H20
ATP
Oxidize: combining a substance with oxygen

10. Respiration Works in reverse order of photosynthesis
Combines oxygen and synthesized carbohydrates to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy
Oxidizes food and releases energy
Occurs during all growing seasons

11. Photosynthesis Combines carbon dioxide with water and sunlight
Uses energy from the sun to produce carbohydrates and oxygen
Is the most essential physiological process
Physiological: having to do with the functions of living organisms or their parts

12. Environmental Factors
Can affect the growth of trees significantly
Include the following:
light
temperature
water
Must have the proper amount of these three factors in order to thrive in a particular environment

13. Biological Factors
Include the influence of hormones which can affect growth in positive and negative ways depending on the specific hormone
Can affect tree growth through diseases carried by various insects, fungus and bacteria

14. Tree Reproduction
Can be obtained through seed reproduction or artificial reproduction
Includes the following methods:
cuttings: joining part of a plant (shoot or bud) with another part of a living plant
naturally: developing seeds from mature trees and dispersing them various ways

15. Seed Dispersal Is a vital part of tree reproduction
Can be accomplished through the following:
wind carries and spreads the seeds
animals transport fruit which carries seeds
water carries seeds dropped from trees located near bodies of water

16. Stages of Tree Growth
Include the following four primary stages:
germination of the seed
primary growth of leaves, petioles, stems and roots
secondary growth of leaves, petioles, stems and roots after one year
mature tree, development of wood and bark
Petiole: part of plant where the leaf is attached to the stem

17. Forest Stand Development
Affects the success of a group of trees
Can be accomplished by the following examples:
cutting down large trees to make room for smaller ones
cuts to increase the growth of specific tree species by cutting down dead trees
regulating the uniformity in size of different trees
Stand: group of trees uniform in species composition, size, age, structure, spatial arrangement and condition

18. Biotechnology Can be used in forests in the following ways:
cloning: to produce desired tree species
the use of tissue cultures: to breed trees through the use of small shoots from other plants, often done when a particular tree specie has difficulties reproducing

19. Summary
Major parts of a tree include the root system, trunks, branches, leaves and crown.
Respiration combines oxygen and synthesized carbohydrates in order to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy.
Environmental factors that can affect the growth of trees include light, temperature and water.
Trees can reproduce through seed or artificial reproduction.
Forest stand development can affect the success rate of a group of trees.

20. Assessment Define physiology. What is one function of the root system
What do carbohydrates produce during respiration?
Explain photosynthesis.
1. The biological study of trees and their parts
2. Answers will vary, possible answer: to store nutrients
3. Energy for growth
4 Answers will vary, possible answer: Photosynthesis combines carbon dioxide and water with sunlight to produce carbohydrates and oxygen.

21. Assessment List two ways seeds are dispersed.
What is the first stage in tree growth?
Define petiole.
What is one advantage of managing stands successfully?
5. Answers will vary, possible answers: wind, water, animals
6. Germination of the seed
7. Petiole is the part of a plant where the leaf is attached to the stem
8. Answers will vary; may include the allowance of trees to grow in uniform size, age, structure and spatial arrangement. 

22. Assessment
Name two environmental factors that can affect the growth of trees.
Cloning can be used in forests to produce desired tree species.
true
false
9. Answers will vary, possible answers: light, temperature, water
10. true

23. Resources
( ). Retrieved March 30, 2009, from The Alabama Cooperative Extension System:
(2009). Retrieved March 30, 2009, from Bonsai4Me.com:
(2009). Retrieved March 30, 2009, from NDSU Extension Service:
Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries. (2009). Retrieved March 30, 2009, from The University of Tennesse Institute of Agriculture: fwf.ag.utk.edu
UT Extension. (2009). Retrieved March 30, 2009, from University of Tennessee Department of Agriculture:

24. Acknowledgements Production Coordinator: Production Manager:
Layne Sheets
Production Manager:
Dusty Moore
Project Coordinator:
Meghan Blanek
Executive Producers:
Gordon Davis, Ph.D.,
Jeff Lansdell
Graphic Designer:
Ann Adams
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