1. The Rise and Rule of Mao Zedong
IB 20th Century Topics

4. Referred to as Chairman Mao
Chinese communist revolutionary
guerrilla warfare strategist
author
political theorist
and leader of the Chinese Revolution.
He was the architect of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949, and held authoritarian control over the nation until his death in 1976.
His theoretical contribution to Marxism-Leninism, along with his military strategies and brand of political policies, are now collectively known as Maoism.

5. Early Life
Born in 1893
His father was a poor peasant who was able to become a landowner and businessman
Received a basic education and learned a lot about political and economic problems in China (e.g. widespread famines) 5

6. DISCUSS Based on these sources, what is one problem the Chinese were facing when Mao was growing up?6

7. China As Mao Was Growing Up: Problems With the Manchu Dynasty
The emperors were not strong leaders, which trickled down to other government officials, who were incompetent
Heavy taxes were put on the people
Large disparity between the rich and poor
Widespread poverty
Gov’t officials accepted money and gifts for political appointments
Foreign countries had spheres of influence where they dominated

8. Communism
Moved to City 1918 Quickly became a strong believer in Communism and edited radical magazines, organized trade unions, and started schools of his own.
Became one of the 50 founding members of the Chinese Communist Party
Failed in his early attempts to be a leader in the Party and his role in Party activities was decreased dramatically
Inspired by Communist revolution in Russia 8

9. Focus on the Peasants Mao went back to Rural China
He learned peasants financial situation and the ways they were being abused by the landowning class
Rose again as a leader in the Party, where he advocated that peasants should lead the revolution 9

10. Based on this map, what struggles is China having in the 1930s?10

11. Mao Zedong forms Communist Party
New Nationalist leader Jiang Kai-Shek
1927 Northern Expedition eliminate Communist
This essentially starts the war

12. Was a military retreat of Mao and his Red army to avoid Nationalist
Retreat to rural Northern Areas
In these territories they gain peasant support and rebuild red Army
Long March helped place Mao in a position of Power
After he would become leader of Communist
The Long March

13. Mao Zedong- becomes leader of Chinese Communists during the “Long March” -advocated land reform & tax reform = gained peasant support Result: - peasants joined Communists - many join Red Army (Communist Army) - could resist Nationalists

14. Based on the following quotes, what is one of Mao’s ideas about society?
“[A] great many so-called intellectuals are actually exceedingly unlearned The knowledge of workers and peasants is sometimes greater than theirs.”
“Books cannot walk, and you can open and close a book at will; this is the easiest thing in the world to do, a great deal easier than it is for the cook to prepare a meal [or] for him to slaughter a pig.” 14

15. The Chinese Civil War Chinese Civil War
Kuomintang or Guomintang Nationalist vs CCP Communist
Initial Civil War
Stop to fight the Japanese
Communist Victory

16. Chinese Civil War continues after WWII 1945-1949
Communist
Mao Zedong- Red Army
Rural areas Northern China
-USSR SUPPORT-spread com
-Rural and poor supported
Promise land for all
Nationalist
Jiang Kai Shek-
Control Cities in southern China
-USA SUPPORT- capitalism
Wealthy supported

17. Stronger Red Army won Civil War -2 Chinas
1.Republic of China (Nationalist)- moves to Island of Taiwan
-US support
2.Peoples Republic of China (communist) lead by Mao Zedong
Create alliance with USSR
China expands-1950’s China takes Tibet, Mongolia, parts of India

18. Relationship Between Leadership and the Masses
Mao developed a program of contact with the masses that became known as the “mass line”. :
Investigating the conditions of people
Learning about and participating in their struggles
Gathering ideas from them
Creating a plan of action based on these ideas and concerns
It was a powerful tool of propaganda. By 1945, the communists had reached 100 million people and the mass line was carried to the people by 1 million members

19. The “Cult” of Mao
Mao became the chairman of the Communist Central Committee
All the leaders in the party praised him and encouraged people to listen to his wisdom
In 1943, several leaders in the Party began to rewrite Chinese Party history so that Mao would be seen as responsible for all the advances of the Party 19

20. What does the following excerpt suggest about Mao’s Power?
“The Chinese Communist Party takes Mao Zedong’s thought – the thought that unites Marxist-Leninist theory and the practice of the Chinese revolution – as the guide for all its work, and opposes all dogmatic or empiricist deviations.” ~Preamble to the Constitution of the Communist Party 20

21. People’s Republic of China - 1949
Communist have full control by1949
Mao’s ideas formed the basis for all Party activities and government decisions
They took control of the media and the education system and began taking land away from the wealthy and distributing it among all people 21

22. Mao’s Domestic Policy

23. Collectivization
1950’s- gave land to peasants live and work on together
Wealthy had land taken
Private companies were nationalized.
Those who refused to give land were executed or sent to work camps
Communes were created where entire community would work land together

24. 2. Great Leap Forward In January of 1958, five-year plan
Planned to develop agriculture and industry

25. Great Leap Forward - 1958 Attempt to modernize China
People were forced to grow grain and melt metals down to produce steel
Given quotas to reach or they would get punished
Lied about quotes and actually under produced food
Led to widespread famine and death
Damaged Mao’s reputation 25

26. Great Leap? Hoped to catch up to England and surpass America
Unproven and unscientific new agricultural techniques were implemented
Under this plan the economy nearly collapsed

27. Great Leap Backward
The entire country were forced to recycle steel, and food reserves were depleted
Millions of people died, mainly due to famine

28. 3. Cultural Revolution Mao needed a comeback
He organized students and mobilized them throughout the country to spread his ideas and wipe out anyone who tried to contradict him
He created an extremely effective propaganda campaign that again brought him back to power. 28

29. The Cultural Revolution
Mao’s tactic to secure his power against reforms
Red Guards were formed in 1966

30. The Red Guards
Red Guards were a mass movement of civilians, mostly students and other young people in China were mobilized by Mao Zedong in 1966 and 1967, during the Cultural Revolution

31. The Cultural Revolution
Red Guards to attack the 'Four Olds' of Chinese society (old customs, old culture, old habits and old ideas).
Old books and art were destroyed,
museums were ransacked,
streets were renamed with new revolutionary names
Many famous temples, shrines, and other heritage sites in Beijing were attacked

32. Cultural Rev Con’t
Forced bureaucrats, professors, technicians, intellectuals, and other non-peasants into rural work
It is estimated that seven million were killed during the decade
China’s economy suffered

33. DISCUSS
WHY DID THE CHINESE GOV AND ECONOMY FAIL DURING THIS PERIOD?

34. Mao’s Foreign Policy

35. Support of Foreign Revolutions
Supported and funded Communist Revolutions
Funded N. Korea in their attack on the south
Sent 300,000 troops to fight for N Korea
Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia
Support of Foreign Revolutions

36. 1950 Signed Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
Mao trusted respected Stalin
1953 Stalin Dies USSR under Khrushchev starts De-Stalinization
China Losses Respect of USSR
Conflict over what form of communism to spread
China Denounce USSR for Cuba
USSR denounce China for attacking India
Border Crisis
Bad Relations Between USSR China
Shanghai Communiqué 1972 US and China begin Communications
US and USSR Relations

37. Mao’s Opposition
Mao never really succeeded in destroying entire opposition
Mao set up a Chinese Gulag - an empire of slave labor camps filled with poorly fed "counter-revolutionaries."

38. Mao’s Death Counts Under Mao Murdered 40 million or more
The majority of Mao’s killings were because of man-made famine
Mao executed nearly 10 million educated professionals, and others

40. Mao’s End At the age of 82, Mao died September 9, 1976
After his death there was a power struggle in China, but eventually moderates came to power and Mao’s regime came to an end