1. 1.2 –Chemistry and Matter Objectives: Describe chemistry
Understand why you’re here
Describe a few careers in chemistry

2. 1.2 – Chemistry & Matter
Chemistry: the study of matter and its changes
Chemistry considers:
The properties of the starting and ending substances,
The reasons they change,
The energy involved as they change,
The time it takes for them to change, and most importantly,
How to measure all these things.

3. 1.2 – Chemistry & Matter A Brief History of Chemistry
Early practical chemistry:
household goods
weapons
soap
wine
basic medicine
As early as 400 BCE the Greeks had developed the idea of ‘atomism’ – the idea that everything is composed entirely of various imperishable, indivisible elements called atoms.
(Atomism may even go back to BCE.)

4. 1.2 – Chemistry & Matter A Brief History of Chemistry
Alchemy was the quest for:
the Philosopher’s Stone - a substance that could turn metals into gold, and
the elixir of life that would make the drinker immortal.
Alchemy was practiced throughout the ancient world including China, the Middle East and ultimately Europe. Nicolas Flamel actually was an alchemist, as was Isaac Newton.
Lead
Mercury
Gold
Antimony
Bismuth
Arsenic
Copper
Iron
Magnesium

5. 1.2 – Chemistry & Matter A Brief History of Chemistry
Alchemy’s contributions to chemistry
experimental techniques
new glassware
information about elements
developed several alloys
Modern chemistry started in the 18th century
Antoine Lavoisier
the father of modern chemistry
Benjamin Franklin
the nature of electrical charges
John Dalton
the atomic theory

6. 1.2 – Chemistry & Matter Fields of Chemistry
Inorganic chemistry – matter not containing carbon
Organic chemistry – matter containing carbon
Physical chemistry – matter & energy
Analytical chemistry – testing matter for its make up
Biochemistry – matter interactions in living organisms
Theoretical chemistry – subatomic interactions

7. 1.2 – Chemistry & Matter What can Chemistry offer me?
A basic understanding of :
how stuff is put together
why certain things happen in our environment
scientific processes
How to think about cause and effect
Problem solving skills including study skills
Communication skills
A taste of physical science to see how you like it.
What Chemistry isn’t
Blowing stuff up
Optional, if you plan on going to a 4 year college
Easy
A class to mess around in

8. 1.2 – Chemistry & Matter CHEMISTRY Chemistry’s universality
Engineer
Pharmacist
Biologist
HVAC Technician
Geologist
Manicurist
CHEMISTRY
The Central Science
Doctor
Physicist
Chef
Makeup Artist
Chemist
Musician?

9. 1.3 –Scientific Methods Objectives:
Describe the steps of the scientific method
Describe why the scientific method is needed
Differentiate between qualitative & quantitative observations
Differentiate between independent & dependent variables
Evaluate an experiment for validity
Evaluate data for reliability
Describe the value of scientific models
Describe how experimentation leads to scientific theories and natural laws

10. 1.3 – Scientific Methods  What is the Scientific Method?
An organized set of steps to communicate to others how a question has arisen, been considered, and answered
Directly related to observational skills
A problem solving procedure that you use daily
A learning cycle
What is the point of the Scientific Method?
To gain enough information to be able to make predictions about cause and effect, or at least correlation
To explain the world around us 

11. 1.3 – Scientific Methods Steps of the Scientific Method Observation
Research
Hypothesis
Experiment
Analyze Results
Conclusions
Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusions
The process is a cycle that keeps going until science has reached enough understanding to develop a theory.

12. 1.3 – Scientific Methods Steps of the Scientific Method 1. Observation
Something has to happen to inspire our curiosity.
Qualitative observations – based on physical characteristics (color, odor, shape, etc. – typically subjective descriptions based on the five senses)
Quantitative observations – based on numerical data or measurements (length, temperature, etc. – objective, based on standards and universally accepted)
Inference–the act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true. Inference does not make for good science.

13. 1.3 – Scientific Methods Steps of the Scientific Method 2. Research
How or why does something occur? Gain background knowledge
3. Hypothesis
After considerable research, a proposed answer to the question is presented for testing.
A good hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable. Usually an “If, then” statement.
Scientists seek to disprove their hypothesis, not to prove it.
This is what Einstein meant when he said, "No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong."

14. 1.3 – Scientific Methods Steps of the Scientific Method 4. Experiment
Designed to allow for a controlled set of observations to occur.
Assigning variables
Independent variable – that aspect of the experiment that is deliberately varied from trial to trial (what you change)
Dependent variable – the value the scientist measures which changes as a result of manipulating the independent variable. (what you measure)

15. 1.3 – Scientific Methods Steps of the Scientific Method 4. Experiment
Experimental Control
A control group is used as a comparison. The control group is designed to behave in a predictable way.
Each experimental group will vary from the control group in only 1 way. The experimental and control groups will otherwise be identical.

16. 1.3 – Scientific Methods Steps of the Scientific Method 4. Experiment
Validity & Reliability
Validity is a characteristic of an experiment that indicates if the experiment is truly measuring or testing the thing it intends to.
Reliability is a characteristic of an experiment that indicates if the results will be reproducible.

17. 1.3 – Scientific Methods Steps of the Scientific Method 5. Conclusions
Based on analysis of data, a proposed answer to why or how this event occurs is advanced.
Experiments are done repeatedly in an attempt to disprove the hypothesis.
The more failed attempts to disprove the hypothesis, the greater the likelihood that the hypothesis is true.
Valid & reliable conclusions lead to models which
may be used to make predictions which can then be tested.
may advance to the status of natural laws or theories.

18. 1.3 – Scientific Methods Steps of the Scientific Method 5. Conclusions
Theory – Describes how and why an event occurs.
Theories cannot be proven 100% true, but they are as close as scientists can get. They are essentially ‘facts’, however, they do occasionally change as new evidence becomes available.
Scientific (Natural) Law – Describes how an event will always occur, but not why.
Are easier to derive than theories.

19. 1.4 – Scientific Research Objectives:
Describe the difference between pure and applied research
Relate chemistry to technology

20. 1.4 – Scientific Research Scientific Research Pure Research
to explain natural phenomena
motivated by curiosity
Applied Research
to solve specific identified problems
motivated by need
Chance Discoveries
sometimes you get lucky, but you have to be able to see it
nylon, radiation, penicillin, silly putty
Benefits of Chemistry
Technology – the practical use of scientific knowledge to improve the quality of life.