Livestock in Smallholder Adaptation and CSA

Livestock in Smallholder Adaptation and CSA
Prepared by Baitsi Podisi (CCARDESA) and Wiebke Foerch (GIZ)

Outline The Livestock – Climate Change Dynamic
Livestock and Climate Change in Southern Africa Livestock and Health Livestock in Climate-Smart Agriculture

The Livestock – Climate Change Dynamic
Trainer: Present definition and allow time for reading and digesting Ask participants for examples from their working sphere Source: IPCC WGII AR5 Glossary

GHG emissions along livestock supply chains estimated at 7.1 giga-tons CO2 equivalent per year, representing 14.5% of all anthropogenic emissions. The livestock sector plays an important role in climate change. Sources of sector emissions: Processing and enteric fermentation 45 % Feed production 39 % Manure storage and processing 10 % Processing and transportation of animal products 6 % Trainer: Explain the overview picture Explain briefly on the major emission gases from livestock Comments: Remind participants that methane emission are higher if animal are on poor diets . Pose the question on what that would mean for livestock kept by poor people (most of the livestock as per earlier slides) Make clear the difference of carbon dioxide emission from livestock as compared to methane or nitrous oxides © Hoeggel. Source: FAO Tackling Climate Change though Livestock.

Nitrogen – Environmental and atmospheric impact
Nitrogen environmental and atmospheric impacts: Global warming Nitrogen deposition leads to eutrophication of natural ecosystems Nitrogen – environmental and atmospheric impact Nitrogen is a main driver of global warming. Today, global agriculture accounts for around 12% of all greenhouse gas emissions. It thus ranks among the prime originators of climate change. Of this amount, about half (47%) are caused by forest clearance and burning to clear land for farming. Another 17% (or one-third of the remaining agricultural emissions) are attributed to nitrous oxide released into the air as a result of nitrogen fertilization. These levels do not include emissions arising from the production of nitrogen fertilizers, which in addition generate large quantities of carbon dioxide emissions during this manufacture. Nitrogen synthesis belongs to the industrial processes with the highest energy consumption. Around 1.2% of the world’s energy demand is required to produce ammonia using the Haber-Bosch synthesis, and 90% of the energy used in the fertilizer industry goes into the manufacture of synthetic nitrogen. In addition, large volumes of nitrous oxide are released into the air during the manufacture of nitric acid, another vital material for making N fertilizer. Source : Bellarby et al 2008 Agricultural emissions in (MT CO2 eq)

GHG emissions from global livestock supply chains, by production activities and products
Trainer: Show the figure and allow for some time of attention and reflection The figure shows the emission distribution by species (horizontal read) and also by products and production activities (vertical read). Comments: Different types of feed crops are identified: second grade crops (food crops that do not match quality standards for human consumption and that are fed to livestock), feed crops with no co-products (crops cultivated as feed, e.g. maize, barley), crop residues (residues from food of feed crops, e.g. maize stover, straw), and by-products from food crops (by-products from food production and processing, e.g. soybean cakes, bran). The arrow “non-feed products” reminds, that the emissions from the production of feed are shared with other sectors. For example, household food waste used to feed pigs in backyard systems are estimated to have an emission intensity of zero because emissions are entirely attributed to household food. In the same way, emissions related to crop residues (e.g. maize stover) are low because most of the emissions are attributed to the main product (maize grain). No emissions could be allocated to slaughterhouse by-products (e.g. offal, skins, blood). Case studies show that by-products can add about 5 to 10 percent to the total revenue at slaughterhouse gate, for example for beef and pork in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries (FAO, 2013a and 2013b). Poultry other than chicken are not included in the graph. Source: FAO Tackling Climate Change though Livestock.

Relationship: total greenhouse gas emissions and milk output A case for sustainable intensification? Trainer: Explain the axes of the figure Explain the legend (FPCM= fat and protein corrected milk) Explain the overall message of the table Comments: The figure conveys the message that an animal on a higher production level emits less CO2 equivalent greenhouse gases This is because animal at that production level are fed cereals But are cereals an option for a agricultural scenario of food scarcity within the next 50 years? What is the value and the argumentative power of this figure? High-yielding animals producing more milk per lactation generally exhibit lower emission intensities for three main reasons. First, because emissions are spread over more units of milk, thus diluting emissions relative to the maintenance requirements of the animals. Second, because productivity gains are often achieved through improved practices and technologies which also contribute to emissions reduction, such as high quality feed and high performance animal genetics. And third, because productivity gains are generally achieved through herd management, animal health and husbandry practices that increase the proportion of resources utilized for productive purposes rather than simply being used to maintain the animals. This results in a reduced standing biomass (both in lactating and in replacement herds) per unit of milk produced. The impact per unit of milk is therefore reduced at both the individual cow and dairy herd level. A large potential to mitigate emissions thus exists in low-yield ruminant production systems. Improved productivity at the animal and herd level can lead to a reduction of emission intensities while at the same time increasing milk output. Steinfeld Livestock’s Emergence from the Long Shadow.

Importance of Livestock for Food Security, Poverty Reduction and Resilience
Approx. 80% of the world’s 1.3 billion poor people live in rural areas 2/3 of them keep livestock; 70% of them are women Contributes to: Multiple benefit (milk, meat, eggs, labour, manure, wool, hides, skins…) (Regular) income generation Human nutrition Use of marginal landscapes / weed control Transfer of plants into food Financial security Socio-cultural importance Trainer: Invite participants to consider bullet points 1 and 2: Which livestock systems, as per earlier definition, systems are likely to apply? Invite the participants to consider bullet point 3 (Poverty influences….). Comments: Livestock keeping in many developing countries is an important element for the well-being of people. Livestock ownership between the gender differs and so does income from livestock production. Livestock has various functions: production for meat and milk, of wool, animal work like traction in agricultural operations, functions as status symbols and functions as short term cash sources for unforeseen expenditure and social events. Hence the livestock economy in many countries can be an effective entry channel for development activities and out of poverty. The grazing of livestock is sometimes used as a way to control weeds and undergrowth. For example, in areas prone to wild fires, goats and sheep are set to graze on dry scrub which removes combustible material and reduces the risk of fires. © Hoeggel.

The Livestock – SLM* Dynamic
Land used for livestock production (including grazing land and cropland dedicated to feed production) represents approx. 70% of all agricultural land globally Overgrazing as greatest cause of grassland degradation 35% of total world cereal use is fed to livestock and over 90% of global soybean production is used as animal feed Trainer: Read the slide with participants. Explain the meaning if required. Percentage of pasture in total agricultural land is between 40% and 90% (Europe and Kaukasus – Near and Middle East) Comments: Make participants aware of the dimension and the multiplier factor from the fact that 70% of the agricultural land is used for livestock production, either directly or through feed /fodder production. If then livestock production is driven by 2/3 of the global poor it appears that land erosion measures and livestock improvement measures must be routed through poor people. Make participants aware about the problem of feeding cereals to ruminants. Explain briefly the unique position of ruminants to degrade plant fibre in the sense that a ruminant does not require human edible protein to thrieve. *= Sustainable Land Management © Hoeggel. FAO Climate Change and Integrated Crop Livestock Systems.

The Challenge for the agricultural sector
The Challenge for the agricultural sector Food production needs to increase by 60% by 2050 to satisfy the demand of a population of more than 9 billion people. Source: FAO, Coping with Water Scarcity, “by 2050, we need to… Double world food production on ~ the same amount of land Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant to extreme weather, while… … massively reducing GHG emissions.” TRAINER: The challenges that agriculture will face in the coming decades are well known, but bear repeating: Productivity has to rise massively: 70% more food will be needed in the next 35 years to feed a growing, richer population. Agricultural resilience will have to increase dramatically: the freeloader problem almost guarantees that, no matter what happens in December 2015 in Paris, greenhouse gas emissions will keep rising at rates that are close to the IPCC worst case scenario. And all that extra food will have to be grown on roughly the same amount of agricultural land already being farmed today, ideally while massively reducing the amount of greenhouse gases that farming itself generates, in a context in which the prices of inputs, which closely track those of fossil fuels, are expected to rise as scarcity and carbon pricing begin to bite. While seeking for solutions especially for smallholders, the term “sustainable intensification” generates a lively debate, including demands for more fertilizer, better roads, more access to markets, credit and other financial services, and the full panoply of modern agriculture’s wonder box. But some are much less familiar. This presentation will focus on one of the most promising of agriculture’s outriders, the role of trees in agricultural landscapes.

Livestock and Climate Change in Southern Africa
How to adapt to a changing climate and get more resilient? Trainer: Present definition and allow time for reading and digesting Ask participants for examples from their working sphere Source: IPCC WGII AR5 Glossary

Livestock and climate change in Southern Africa
SADC estimates: 64 m cattle, 39 m sheep, 38 m goats, 7 m pigs, 380 m poultry ¾ of livestock population in smallholder farming systems Drought vulnerability: 643,000 cattle died during Climate change impacts Increasing temperatures -> heat stress > 30°C: cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens reduce food intake by 3-5% for each 1°C increase Changes in rainfall -> crop and pasture growth, water, pests and diseases Changes in feed resources will occur (pasture, crop residue, suppl. feed) Highest impact on dryland grazing systems Subsistence, small-scale commercial farming systems are at high risk due to their dependency on rain-fed natural pastures and limited access to capital resources and management technologies

Impacts of climate change on livestock systems

ANPP is a good indicator for livestock productivity
Projected changes in Aboveground Net Primary Productivity (ANPP) in Africa’s rangelands ANPP is a good indicator for livestock productivity Spatial distribution of percentage change in ANPP production by 2050s and RCP8.5 (high-end emissions) in relation to the mean value of

Livestock and health How to adapt to a changing climate and get more resilient? Trainer: Present definition and allow time for reading and digesting Ask participants for examples from their working sphere Source: IPCC WGII AR5 Glossary

Livestock, diseases and human health under climate change
High burden of animal disease in SSA Livestock disease probably kills 20% of ruminants, over 50% of poultry each year Causing a loss of approximately USD 300 billion per year Most diseases, animal and human, occur in areas that are hot, wet, and poor Mapping of Poverty and Likely Zoonoses Hotspots, ILRI 2012

Livestock, diseases and human health und climate change
Impacts on human health Over 60% of human pathogens are zoonotic (transmissible from animals) Cause billions of cases of illness each year Zoonoses acquired by direct contact or food include bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis and leptospirosis Other zoonoses are emerging (though human infection is currently rare, because pathogen is poorly adapted to humans (e.g. avian influenza) or occasions of transmission are infrequent) But as pathogens evolve, they may become better adapted to humans In low-income countries, zoonoses make up 26% of infectious disease burden and 10 % of total disease burden CCAFS submission UNFCCC SBSTA 2014

Climate change can exacerbate disease in livestock, some diseases are especially sensitive to climate change 58% of animal diseases important to poor livestock keepers are climate sensitive – likely to have greatest impact Climate change could affect distribution of vector-borne diseases: ticks, mosquitoes, flies - East Coast fever, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, trypanosomiasis Direct effects likely to be most pronounced for diseases that are vector-borne, soil associated, water or flood associated, rodent associated, or air temperature/humidity associated Most prominent: food-and-water borne zoonoses with high human health burden 94 million cases of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella species occur globally each year, with 155,000 deaths Campylobacter infection has even higher burden (than Salmonella) Parasitic diseases that impose a high burden on productivity, water- transmitted leptospirosis and soil associated anthrax, tuberculosis, rabies, leishmaniasis, brucellosis, hepatitis E, etc. Pathways Pathogens: higher temperatures, humidity increase rate of development of parasites and pathogens Vectors: sensitive to CC, changes in rainfall, temperature, extreme events may affect distribution and abundance of vectors Hosts: some livestock will be exposed to new pathogens/vectors as range increases, impacts can be severe, climate stress can lower immunity Humans: behaviour change may affect how they keep animals, which may affect exposure or vulnerability of animals to pathogens or vectors (Thornton et al. 2009; Thornton and Cramer 2012)

Example 1: Trypanosomosis
Caused by a blood-borne parasite, transmitted by tsetse fly Cattle are especially affected: annual losses of some US$ 5 billion Tsetse occur currently only in Africa, distribution highly dependent on climate, land cover and demography Climate change impact: changed distributional potential of tsetse but anthropogenic changes resulting from population expansion are key Estimated reduction of tsetse distribution by some 15% may occur by , though some areas may become more suitable Model-based and not very high confidence (cannot predict land use change well), but more agricultural development makes many areas less suitable for tsetse to survive

Livestock in Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)
How to adapt to a changing climate and get more resilient? Trainer: Present definition and allow time for reading and digesting Ask participants for examples from their working sphere Source: IPCC WGII AR5 Glossary

Source: http://www.fao.org/climatechange/climatesmart/en/
„Agriculture that sustainably increases productivity, resilience (adaptation), reduces/removes GHGs (mitigation), and enhances achievement of national food security and development goals“ FAO, 2010: „Climate-Smart“ Agriculture - Policies, Practices and Financing for Food Security, Adaptation and Mitigation. The concept also refers to all other aspects of sustainable agriculture, gender, food security ..... In comparison to a certification like carbon neutrality it stays very vague and is on a voluntary basis.

CSA Concepts and Technologies

Climate smart options for livestock
Improve resource use efficiency – any practice that improves productivity or efficient use of scarce resources is climate-smart even if not directly countering climate change Higher water productivity/feed efficiency, improved manure/fertiliser management, better feed-food conversion Climate resilient livestock development requires that increased production is met by increased efficiency, not increased numbers -> stock fewer but more productive animals Pasture management Sow improved grasses/legumes – productivity, drought tolerance, digestibility (Blue Buffalo Grass, Napier, Lablab) Tackle bush encroachment (e.g. controlled burning, removal or goats) after overuse Fertilisation, cutting regimes, irrigation – productivity, animal performance, pasture quality, soil carbon Thornton P, et al. in press. A qualitative evaluation of CSA options in mixed crop-livestock systems in developing countries. Book chapter. FAO Climate smart agriculture sourcebook

Grazing management Controlled grazing: manage stocking rates to allow rejuvenation of grasses, ensure surface cover, increase fodder productivity Optimise grazing pressures – with choice animals select nutritious forage Rotational grazing: match livestock needs with pasture availability Maintain forage at early growth stage with higher quality/digestibility – but more intensive management and investment © Schubert/CCAFS

Improved feeding Agroforestry: Integrate trees & shrubs with animals - reduced heat stress, improved supply and quality of forage to help manage overgrazing, improved resilience (e.g. Acacia, Albizia, pigeon pea) Supplement diets with better quality green fodder (e.g. feeding 1kg of Leucaena leucocephala leaves per animal per day can nearly triple milk yields and live‐weight gains) Nutritious diet supplements Fodder conservation (e.g. silage, hay) – don’t ignore the good seasons! Higher‐digestibility crop residues (e.g. treat straw with urea) Small areas of planted legumes (“fodder banks”) Supplementation with grain © ICRAF

Herd management Management herd size and age structure Better nutrition, improved husbandry – reduce mortality, improve reproduction, reduce slaughter age Manage disease risk Maintain herd health: veterinary services, vaccines, animal health Livestock housing (against weather elements) Manure management Improve handling to ensure recovery and recycling of nutrients and energy contained in manure, storage and application techniques Biogas production (anaerobic digestion of manure) © IStock

Switch breeds Strengthen local breeds: well adapted, heat/drought tolerant, disease/parasite resistant, utilize poor quality forage – e.g. Nguni and Tswana cattle (but low productivity and high emissions per kg) Select for desired traits within the indigenous breeds (e.g. fast growing) Improve local genetics through crossbreeding: when coupled with better diets Increase adaptability, productivity, heat tolerance, disease resistance, fitness, reproductive traits Crossbred beef can produce more than double the amount of milk and meat Uptake results in fewer but larger, more productive animals -> but investment in feed/water, impacts on land/labour resources, increased risk under climate variability -> Positive consequences for incomes, methane production and land use © Karoo Exports © Wikipedia

Adapted breeds offer resilience
Almost 100 breeds have gone extinct between 2000 and 2014 and 17% of farm animal breeds are at risk of extinction (FAO, 2016). Majority of indigenous breeds are unimproved and therefore viewed as inefficient Indigenous breeds are in the kept by resource poor farmers Indiscriminate cross-breeding while neglecting environmental adaptation is a threat to livestock diversity. Other threats include (i) introduction of non-native breeds, weak policies and institutions, the lack of profitability and competitiveness of traditional breeds, production system intensification, and poor disease management.

Switch species Diverse species portfolio to spread risk Goats are more hardy than cattle and sheep (low feed/water requirements, exploit low quality forage, disease resistant, heat tolerant, require less space, easier to handle/sell) Pork and chicken: growing demand, but intensive systems require investment (supplementary feeding)

Diversify your system Change mix of products: crops and livestock, heat tolerant breeds, be opportunistic in investing in crops/livestock depending on season Crop-livestock or crop-livestock-tree systems (e.g. combine leguminous fodder shrubs and herbaceous legumes with food crops to improve crop productivity, fodder) Production shifts (from cattle to more small ruminants, intensification to chickens, pigs) Early warning systems and livestock insurance Use weather information to manage risk – but this is difficult for livestock management Weather indexed insurance – but limits in vulnerable populations with covariate risks © Schubert/CCAFS CSA Guide 101 FAO Climate smart agriculture sourcebook © Schubert/CCAFS

Practices with mitigation co-benefits
Technologies that improve productivity, such as feeding additives, vaccines and genetic selection have potential to reduce emissions Feed quality improvements that enhance digestibility (urea treatment, drying, grinding and pelleting) and use of improved forages such as mixes including legumes Improving pastures and reducing land degradation Agroforestry Biodigesters Changing consumption behavior as effective way of cutting GHG from animal production Supportive policies, adequate institutional and incentive frameworks and more pro-active governance are needed to fulfil the sector’s mitigation potential (FAO, 2013)

Dry season management Periods of reduced forage availability are likely to increase under climate change Limits to what is possible through livestock management in terms of increasing resilience Mixed systems can deliver multiple benefits and spread risk Make use of different feeds to cover the gap Crop residue Small areas of planted legumes (fodder banks) Opportunistic feeds cut, Storage Plant tree species (e.g. Leucaena, Saltbush) that are nutritious, increase milk and meat yield, reduce emissions per kg of product © Schubert/CCAFS

Conclusion Livestock offer options for land use in marginal areas and offer resilience in arid areas – already key for poor smallholders Adaptation and mitigation potentials Provide efficient feeds/ diets and manage manure Improving productivity of breeds and efficiency of use of feed resources provides mitigation options Breed productive and adapted animals Improve management of grazing and over sow pastures with improved varieties & agroforestry spp Enabling environment needed to for smallholders to adopt efficient approaches and technologies.

Thank you for your attention !!!!

Livestock in Smallholder Adaptation and CSA

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