1. Happy 2nd day of Spring Semester! 
Please have on your desk, if completed:
your signed SCAT hrs sheet, parent letter, info sheet, safety & survey
If you brought water, please make sure your name and the location (where you got it) is on it.
Openers- most days you will have an opener, keep a running log of them (you could see them again…)
Lab Info (You might want to jot this down)
EVERY LAB/ACTIVITY HAS A SUMMARY!!! (WHAT YOU LEARNED; USE VOCABULARY…) Do not tell me what you learned ABOUT, tell me what you specifically learned/reviewed/how it works…
If you are absent: copy the lab and write at the top: “I got this from….” and write your own summary.

2. Opener, Wed. Jan. 21st Hydro: Sal- or Hal(o)-: -cline: Refract-:
Picno-:
Thermo-:
List all properties of water that you can think of!!

3. Seawater Chemistry

4. Without water, there would be no:
Oceans
no lakes
no rivers
no rain or snow or hail
no clouds or no polar ice caps
no cold beverages or anything to drink whatsoever
probably no you, no me, no nothing!

5. Water Rules! Water is everywhere! It defines our planet!
It is intricately involved in just about every process on this planet!

6. Ten properties of water that are familiar to us all:
It's colorless
It's tasteless
It's odorless
It feels wet
It's distinctive in sound when dripping from a faucet or crashing as a wave
It dissolves nearly everything
It exists in three forms: liquid, solid, gas
It can absorb a large amount of heat
It sticks together into beads or drops
It's part of every living organism on the planet.

7. How does this simple molecule, merely 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom (H2O) do all the amazing things that it does?
That's what we are about to find out!

8. Water is Polar (not like cold!!)
Polarity:
Water is a covalent molecule
Electrons are not shared equally so…

9. Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen bonds

10. Water dissolves almost anything!
"Universal Solvent” –
Why??

11. Drawings:

12. The Dissolving Power of Water
As solid NaCl dissolves, + and - ions are attracted to the + and - ends of the polar water molecules. Water surrounds ions!

13. Salinity Salinity = The various ions dissolved in seawater
Avg. ocean =
Salt flat in Bolivia

14. Avg. ocean = 35 ppt (‰)

15. Major ions in seawater Chloride (Cl-) Sodium (Na+) Sulfate (SO42-)
Concentration (ppt)
Percentage %
Chloride (Cl-)
19.3 55
Sodium (Na+)
10.7
30.6
Sulfate (SO42-)
2.7
7.7
Magnesium (Mg2+)
1.3 4
Calcium (Ca2+)
0.4
1.18
Potassium (K+)
1.11

16. Principle of constant proportions

17. Principle of constant proportions
Example:
in any sample of seawater, whether it has a salinity of 20 ppt or 40 ppt,
chlorine accounts for 55% of the ions,
sodium comprises 30.6%,
sulfate makes up 7.7% and
magnesium measures out at 4%.

18. Factors affecting salinity
Evaporation/freezing =
Frequent precipitation =
PRECIP > EVAP
PRECIP < EVAP

20. Opener: Jan. 22nd Write the questions, then answer…
Explain how a refractometer works: what does it measure and how does it do it?
Why did the two colors of seawater sink/float yesterday?

21. Salt wedge
fresh water from inland and salty ocean water meeting in estuaries, form a “salt wedge”

22. Salinity & Density Lab
Drawings & profile graphs

23. Measuring salinity
Hydrometer
Refractometer
Conductivity meter

24. Sources of Salt Run-off Hydrothermal Vents Volcanoes
Volcanoes

25. What can add salts? Run-off, vents, volcanoes

26. Sources of salts What can remove salts? Vents, organisms, shells
Ions in = ions out (salt ratios stay the same!)

27. Density

28. Heat vs Temperature

29. Heat vs Temperature
100 degrees Celcius
100 degrees Celsius
Which container has molecules with the higher average kinetic energy?
Which container has the most heat energy?

30. Water- has a high heat capacity!
Water has the highest heat capacity of any liquid or solid, except ammonia.
heat capacity of a substance =

31. Water can absorb a tremendous amount of heat!
How does salinity affect heat capacity?
Ocean temp. varies much less than land
Why??

32. You experience this here!!!
Anyone who has lived near the beach has probably noticed the heat buffer-
days are not as hot during summer and
nights are not as cold during winter!

33. High heat capacity allows the Atlantic to absorb and release tremendous amounts of heat without changing temperature!

34. Sea surface temps vary from very warm (86 degrees) in tropics to below freezing at poles.

35. Temperature - Very important!
Only freshwater freezes in the ocean, leaving a very salty layer underneath (what will it do??)
Deep ocean =very cold
Thermocline =
When fishing offshore you may look for the thermocline—holds bait, etc.

36. This beach is covered in SNOW… why isn’t the ocean frozen?!
Salt
Ocean currents
High volume
Earth’s internal heating

39. ICE CREAM LAB RECAP! Salt in the ocean lowers FP
from 32F (0C) to 28F (-2C)
“FP Depression”
There are other factors involved, but this helps our oceans NOT freeze at 32F! 
Adding the salt makes the ice melt, because we’re above the freezing point.
To melt the ice, the ENERGY is taken from the MILK…which makes it FREEZE!