1. What Is Biotechnology?

2. What Is Biotechnology?
Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms
Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses

3. Biotechnology ?
The application of biological organisms, systems or processes to manufacturing and service industries
The integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology and engineering sciences in order to achieve technological (industrial) application capabilities of microorganism, cultured tissue cells and part thereof
A technology using biological phenomena by copying and manufacturing various kinds of useful substance
The application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological-agents to provide goods and services

4. Biotechnology ?
The science of the production processes based on the action of microorganisms and their active components and production processes involving the use of cells and tissues from higher organisms. It was not included medical technology, agriculture and traditional crop breeding
The use of living organism and their component in agriculture, food and other industrial processes
The use of microbial, animal and plant cells or enzymes to synthesize, breakdown and transform materials
The integration of natural sciences and organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues to product and services

5. What Is Biotechnology?
Manipulation of genes is called genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology
Genetic engineering involves taking one or more genes from a location in one organism and either
Transferring them to another organism
Putting them back into the original organism in different combinations

6. GMO GMO- genetically modified organisms.
GEO- genetically enhanced organisms.
With both, the natural genetic material of the organism has been altered.
Roots in bread making, wine brewing, cheese and yogurt fermentation, and classical plant and animal breeding

7. History

8. Stages of Biotechnology Development
Ancient biotechnology
early history as related to food and shelter; Includes domestication
Classical biotechnology
built on ancient biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food production, and medicine
Modern biotechnology
manipulates genetic information in organism; Genetic engineering

9. TRADITIONAL PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Traditional/old biotechnology
The conventional techniques that have been used to produce beer, wine, cheese, many other food
TRADITIONAL PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
breeding
tissue culture
inter-specific hybridisation
mapping phenotypic/biochemical markers

10. New/modern biotechnology
All methods of genetic modification by recombinant DNA and cell fusion techniques, together with the modern development of traditional biotechnological process

11. Areas of Biotechnology
Organismic biotechnology
uses intact organisms; Does not alter genetic material
Molecular biotechnology
alters genetic makeup to achieve specific goals
Transgenic organism- an organism with artificially altered genetic material

12. What Subjects Are Involved With Biotechnology?
Multidisciplinary- involving a number of disciplines that are coordinated for a desired outcome
Science
Life sciences
Physical sciences
Social sciences

13. What Subjects Are Involved With Biotechnology?
Mathematics
Applied sciences
Computer applications
Engineering
Agriculture

14. Biotechnology: A collection of technologies

15. What is the career outlook in biotechnology?
Biotech in 1998
1,300 companies in the US
2/3 have less than 135 employees
140,000 jobs
Jobs will continue to increase exponentially
Jobs are available to high school graduates through PhD’s

16. The Applications of Biotechnology
Medical Biotechnology
Diagnostics
Therapeutics
Vaccines
Agricultural Biotechnology
Plant agriculture
Animal agriculture
Food processing
Food products
Industry and manufacturing
Environmental Biotechnology
Cleaning through bioremediation
Preventing environmental problems
Monitoring the environment

17. Plant agriculture Plant Biotechnology Crop production and protection
Genetically engineered (transgenic) crops
Using biological methods to protect crops
Exploiting cooperative relationships in nature
Nutritional value of crops
Improving food quality and safety
Healthier cooking oils by decreasing the concentration of saturated fatty acids in vegetable oils
Functional foods
Foods containing significant levels of biologically active components that impart health benefits
Plant Biotechnology

18. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
a process to produce a genetically modified plant by removing genetic information from an organism, manipulating it in the laboratory and then transferring it into a plant to change certain of its characteristics .
Now use a molecular approach to manipulation:
molecular markers & mapping
gene cloning
plant transformation

19. Exogenous genes (non-plant genes)
pathogen-derived genes
bacterial genes
any other organism
Exogenous genes (non-plant genes)
Applications:
transgenic
Pathogen resistance
Herbicide resistance
bioreactors
Delivery systems

20. Endogenous genes (Plant genes)
Enzymes in biochemical pathway
Natural resistance genes
Endogenous genes (Plant genes)
Gene discovery (functional genomics)
Mapping
ESTs, libraries
Silencing, expression
Mutants, arrays
Applications:
markers
transgenic
Marker assisted breeding
Plant improvement

21. Plant Tissue Culture and Applications
Micro-propagation
Somatic Embryos
Chemicals from Plants
Other Uses of Tissue Culture
Protoplast Fusion
Somaclonal Variation
Germplasm Storage
Plant Genetic Engineering
Plant Transformation
Transgenic Plant

22. What Are Genetic Engineering Organisms?
Genetic engineering- artificially changing the genetic information in the cells of organisms
Transgenic- an organism that has been genetically modified
GMO- a genetically modified organism
GEO- a genetically enhanced organism

23. Why Change an organism? To get desirable traits Economic gain
Increase production
Disease resistance

24. How Can Genetically Engineered Plants Be Used?
Agriculture
Horticulture
Forestry
Environment
Food Quality

25. What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology?
Plant breeding- improvement of plants by breeding selected individuals to achieve desired goals
Cultivar- a cultivated crop variety

26. What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology?
Plant breeding methods;
Line breeding- breeding successive generations of plants among themselves
Crossbreeding- breeding plants of different varieties or species
Hybridization- breeding individuals from two distinctly different varieties
Selection

27. Why Are Plants Genetically Engineered?
Resist pests
Resist herbicides
Improved product quality
Pharmaceuticals
Industrial products

28. What Is AI?
Artificial insemination- the transfer of collected semen to a recipient female
What Is a Test Tube Baby?
In vitro fertilization- fertilization of collected ova outside the reproductive tract; Usually in a test tube

29. What Is Gender Reversal?
Gender reversal- changing the sex of an animal
Very young animals receive hormone treatments
Most common among selected fish species

30. What Is Gender Preselection?
Gender preselection- choosing the sex of offspring
Sperm sorted before conception
Sperm sorted on basis of chromosome differences
X chromosomes produce female offspring
Y chromosomes produce male offspring

31. What Is Embryo Transfer?
Embryo transfer- removing fertilized ova (embryos) from donor and implanting in a recipient
Surgical and nonsurgical methods are used to remove and implant
A quality donor female can produce more offspring

32. What Is Multiple Ovulation?
Multiple ovulation- promoting increased release of ova

33. What Is Cloning?
Clone- new organism that has been produced asexually from a single parent
Genotype is identical to parent
Cells or tissues are cultured

34. How Are Hormones Used in Animal Production?
Hormone- natural product of glands to produce a response in another part of the body
Released by endocrine glands into blood system
Hormones are identified, functions determined, and isolated
Used to increase growth and production rates
bST- promotes milk production in cows
pST- promotes lean meat production in swine

35. What Is Bioremediation?
Bioremediation- using biological processes to solve environmental problems
Biodegradation- natural processes of microbes in breaking down hydrocarbon materials
Biodegradable- capable of being decomposed by microbes

36. How Can Bioremediation Be Used?
Oil spills
Wastewater treatment
Heavy metal removal
Chemical degradation

37. What Is Phytoremediation?
Phytoremediation- process of plants being used to solve pollution problems
Plants absorb and break down pollutants
Used with heavy metals, pesticides, explosives, and leachate

38. What Is Composting?
Composting- a process that promotes biological decomposition of organic matter
Compost bin- a facility that contains materials for composting
In-vessel composting- using enclosed containers for composting

39. People in Biotech Zacharias Janssen
Discovered the principle of the compound microscope in 1590
Dutch eye glass maker

40. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Developed single lens microscope in 1670’s
First to observe tiny organisms and document observations
Discovered cells
Bacteria
Protists
Red blood

41. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Gregor Johan Mendel
Discovered genetics
Formulated basic laws of heredity during mid 1800’s
Austrian Botanist and monk
Experimented with peasStudied inheritance of seven pairs of traits
Bred and crossbred thousands of plants
Determined that some traits were dominant and other recessiveFindings were published in 1866
Largely ignored for 34 years

42. Anton V.L. Work led to modern microscopes
Electron microscope developed in 1931 by group of German scientists

43. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Walter Sutton
Discovered Chromosomes
Determined in 1903 that chromosomes carried units of heredity identified by Mendel
Named “genes” in 1909 by Wilhelm Johannsen, Danish Botanist

44. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Discovered how genes are transmitted through chromosomes
Studied genetics of fruit flies
Early 1900’s
Experimented with eye color
His work contributed to the knowledge of X and Y chromosomes
Nobel Peace Prize in 1933 for research in gene theory

45. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Ernst Ruska
Invented the electron microscope
Build the first electron microscope in 1932
German electrical engineer
Microscope offered 400X magnification

46. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Sir Alexander Fleming
Discovered penicillin in 1928
First antibiotic drug used in treating human disease
Observed growth of molds (Penicillium genus) in a dish that also contracted bacteria
Bacteria close to the molds were dead
Extracting and purifying the molds took a decade of research
Penicillin first used in 1941Penicillin credited with saving many lives during WWII when wounded soldiers developed infections.

47. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Rosalind Elsie Franklin
Research led to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA
Research in France and England in mid 1900’s
Her early research was used to produce an atomic bomb
Set up X ray diffraction lab
Photographs of DNA showed that it could have a double helix structureSome questions surround the theft of her work in 1952
Including x ray photographs

48. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
James Watson and Francis Crick
Collaborated to produce the first model of DNA structure in 1953
Described DNA dimensions and spacing of base pairs
Had major impact on genetic engineering carried out today

49. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Mary-Claire King
Mapped human genes for research of cancer treatments
Research into nature of DNA during late 1900’s
Determined that 99% of human DNA is identical to chimpanzee
1975 found similar gene pools between humans and chimpanzee made it possible to research hereditary causes of breast cancer

50. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Ian Wilmut
Created the first true clone, the Dorset ewe Dolly
Cloning of a sheep named Dolly in 1997
Produced from tissue of an adult sheep
Previous cloning efforts had been from early embryos

51. Johan Friedrich Miescher
Swiss Biologist
Isolated nuclei of white blood cells in 1869
Led to identification of nucleic acid by Walter Flemming

52. Watson Born in the US Crick – born in England
Collaborative research at Cambridge University in England

53. Norman E. Borlaug Developed wheat varieties producing high yields
Research in Mexico
Semi dwarf varieties
Developed wheat variety that would grow in climates where other varieties would not

54. Borlaug Nobel Peace Prize in 1971
Credited with helping relieve widespread hunger in some nations

55. Products of Biotechnology

56. Products of Biotechnology
One of the first commercial products of genetic engineering was insulin
E. coli bacteria was genetically engineered to produce insulin.

57. Products of Biotechnology
BST (Bovine Somatotropin)
Increases milk production in dairy cattle.
BST became available commercially as a result of genetic engineering

58. Animal Feed
Livestock such as cattle are commonly fed genetically engineered feed (corn, grain)

59. Products of Biotechnology
Herbicide Resistant Crops

60. Products of Biotechnology
Biodiesel - diesel-equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources.

61. Biotechnology in Animal Science
used in determining the sex and parents of animals
Artificial Insemination allows us to control genetic input of offspring.

62. Biotechnology in Animal Science
Embryo Transfer – Allows for cattle to have multiple calves per year.

63. Pharming
Pharming is the production of pharmaceuticals in animals engineered to contain a foreign, drug-producing gene.

64. Pharming
These goats contain the human gene for a clot-dissolving protein that is produced in their milk.

65. Biotechnology in Animal Science
Cloning creates a genetically identical copy of an animal or plant.
Plants are often cloned – cuttings
Human identical twins are also clones.

67. Regulations
Prior to marketing products from biotechnology, Companies works with regulatory agencies in the U.S. and many other countries to assess the products’:
Safety
Nutrition
Agronomic performance.

68. Ethics in Biotechnology

69. Why Ethics in Biotechnology
New technology
Plurality of moral convictions
Divergent economic, political, and social objectives
Growing sensitivity of the public
Doubts of the public about internal control mechanism of scientific institutions and the scientific community to adequately consider moral implications of research and its consequences
Complexity of ethical issues involved

70. Bioethics
Bioethics: A discipline dealing with the ethical implications of biological research and applications
Bioethics: a discipline dealing with the ethical implications of biological research and applications
Ethics: motivation based on ideas of right and wrong

71. Ethics and Biotech
Not everyone believes that biotechnology is going to benefit us in the future.
Let nature be… not in God’s plan… etc…

72. Concerns Unexpected impact on environment and to other organisms
Expanse of G.E organisms
Safety of foods
Lack of education

73. Concerns
Some countries have banned GMO’s and others have turned down food that has been genetically modified.

74. Two Kinds of Ethical Arguments Used to Evaluate Concerns Over Biotechnology
Extrinsic objections say the possible consequences of some biotech applications are objectionable, but others may be acceptable
GMOs are wrong because risks outweigh benefits.
Intrinsic objections say the process of biotechnology is objectionable in itself
GMOs are wrong , no matter how great the benefits.
Comments on Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Objections:
These terms are simply one way to formulate ethical arguments for and against something, ultimately leading to a deeper understanding of the issue. Intrinsic objections basically argue that the ends do not justify the means. For example, if you believe that taking another life is wrong under any circumstances, the “good” that could come out of “murder” is irrelevant. That would include taking another life in war, for self-defense, or to protect your daughter from a rapist.
Thus, if someone finds that “any technique that uses living organisms...” is unacceptable based on intrinsic objections, biotechnology would be unacceptable. Period.
Extrinsic objections argue that the means may be acceptable, but the ends are not. Using the example above, it may be permissible to “take another life” under certain conditions but not others (just because that $*#* took your parking space!).
This exercise was to simply help students analyze in a more structured manner why they object to biotechnology (or anything else for that matter). Further, if their arguments fall under the extrinsic objections category, using sound logical analysis, a person can better explore under what conditions do they find biotechnology acceptable and why. Is Bt corn ok - but human cloning not? This would incorporate the possible positive social and/or environmental consequences regarding biotechnology. This discussion is also a perfect lead-in to classroom activities on risk identification, assessment and management.

75. 1. Extrinsic objections
A. Unsafe for consumers
“Frankenfoods”

76. 2. Extrinsic objections B. Unsafe for environments “superweeds”
Herbicide resistance - canola gene flows into weedy relatives
Bt toxin kills monarch butterfly larvae

77. Extrinsic objections “Rich get richer, poor get poorer”
C. Unfair to small farmers
“Rich get richer,
poor get poorer”
Vandana Shiva
Monocultures of the Mind
she has established Navdanya, a movement for biodiversity conservation and farmers' rights

78. Thanks

79. Definition
Manipulation of living organisms and organic material to serve human needs.

81. Ancient Biotech Begins with early civilization
Developments in ag and food production
Few records exist

82. Ancient Biotech Archeologists research
Ancient carvings and sketches sources of information

83. Classical Biotech Follows ancient
Makes wide spread use of methods from ancient, especially fermentation
Methods adapted to industrial productionFollows ancient
Methods adapted to industrial production Many methods developed through classical biotech are widely used today.

84. Modern Biotech Roots involved the investigation of genes
Manipulation of genetic material within organisms
Based on genetics and the use of microscopy, biochemical methods, related sciences and technologiesOften known as genetic engineering
Roots involved the investigation of genes

85. Ancient Biotech Not known when biotech began exactly
Focused on having food and other human needs Useful plants brought from the wild, planted near caves where people lived
As food was available, ability to store and preserve emergedFood preservation most likely came from unplanned events such as a fire or freeze

86. Domestication
15,000 years ago, large animals were hard to capture
People only had meat when they found a dead animal
Came up with ways of capturing fish and small animalsFood supplies often seasonal
Winter food supplies may get quite low
Domestication is seen by scientists as the beginning of biotech Adaptation of organisms so they can be cultured
Most likely began 11,000 – 12,000 years ago in the middle east

87. Domestication Learned about simple breeding How to raise young
Involved the collecting of seed from useful plants and growing crude crops from that seed
Involved the knowledge that the seed had to properly matureProper planting
Need for water, light and other conditions for plant growth
Earliest plants likely grains and other seeds used for foodRaising animals in captivity began about the same time in history
Easier to have an animal close by that to hunt and capture a wild one Learned that animals need food and water
Learned about simple breeding
How to raise young
Cattle, goats and sheep were the first domesticated food animals

88. Domestication
About 10,000 years ago, people had learned enough about plants and animals to grow their own food
The beginning of farming.

89. Food
Domestication resulted in food supplies being greater in certain times of the year
Products were gathered and stored

90. Food
Some foods rotted
Others changed form and continued to be good to eat
Foods stored in a cool cave did not spoil as quickly

91. Food Foods heated by fire also did not spoil as quickly
Immersing in sour liquids prevented food decayStored in bags of leather or jars of clay
Fermentation occurs if certain mo’s are present
Creates an acid condition that slows or prevents spoilage

92. Food preservation Using processes that prevent or slow spoilage
Heating, cooling, keeps microorganisms (mo’s) from growing

93. Cheese One of the first food products made through biotechnology
Began some 4,000 years ago
Nomadic tribes in Asia
Strains of bacteria were added to milk
Caused acid to form
Resulting in sour milk

94. Cheese Enzyme called “rennet” was added
Rennet comes from the lining of the stomachs of calvesRennet is genetically engineered today
Not all cheese is made from produced rennet

95. Yeast Long used in food preparation and preservation Bread baking
Yeast produces a gas in the dough causing the dough to rise

96. Yeast Fermented products Vinegar
Require the use of yeast in at least one stage of production Species of fungi
Some are useful
Some may cause diseases

97. Vinegar Ancient product used to preserve food
Juices and extracts from fruits and grains can be fermented Keeps foods from spoiling
Used in pickling
Biblical references to wine indicate the use of fermentation some 3,000 years ago

98. Fermentation
Process in which yeast enzymes chemically change compounds into alcohol
In making vinegar the first product of fermentation is alcoholAlcohol is converted to acetic acid by additional microbe activity
Acid gives vinegar a sour taste
Vinegar prevents growth of some bacteria

99. Development
Of yeasts that were predictable and readily available led to modern baking industry

100. Antibiotics
Use of fermentation hastened the development of antibiotics
A drug used to combat bacterial infections

101. Antibiotics Penicillin Developed in the late1920’s
Introduced in the 1940’s
First drug produced by microbes

102. Modern Biotech Based on genetics research from the mid 1800’s
Deals with manipulating genetic info
Microscopy and advanced computer technology are used
In-depth knowledge of science
Based on genetics research from the mid 1800’s

103. Modern Biotech Use of biotech to produce new life forms
Emerged in mid 1900’s
Made possible by rDNA technology