1. NBS-3B1Y Strategic Corporate Sustainability 9rd December 2014
Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia
Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal
5th October 2007
Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv
Reader Emeritus in Environmental Sciences

2. NBS-3B1Y Strategic Corporate Sustainability
Access to this presentation and numerous links relating to Energy may be found at or

3. NBS-3B1Y Strategic Corporate Sustainability
Links to Energy Related Sites
Powerpoint Presentation of Energy Supply at UEA and Strategies for Low Carbon at UEA [this presentation]
Video Clips of Biomass System and also Carbon Footprinting of BBC Studios - [given today]
Powerpoint of challenges facing UK Energy Supply – [given tomorrow]
Recent Government Documents on Energy including Consultations and responses by N.K.Tovey
Papers written by N.K. Tovey relating to Energy and Carbon including reports on UEA Energy
Sustainability Report relating to several branches of an International Bank.
Return to Main UEA Energy Page

4. Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia
Today’s Session
Introduction and Background to Energy Supply at UEA
Low Energy Buildings and their Management
Low Carbon Energy Provision
Photovoltaics, CHP, Adsorption chilling
Biomass Gasification
Tomorrow’s Session
Energy Security: Hard Choices facing the UK
The Energy Tour – ensure you are not wearing open sandals/shoes
Elizabeth Fry building & ZICER
Questions & Answers
If time permits: - FRACKING – A solution to UK Energy Problems or an unacceptable step too far?

5. Original buildings Teaching wall Library Student residences 5 5
This is an ariel view of the University campus
The University was established in 1963
The original buildings are outlined in red 5 5

6. History of Energy Supply at UEA
Early 1960s: central boiler house built with three 8MW boilers providing water at 105 – 115o C at 10 bar pressure to circulate around the campus.
Fuel used: heavy residual oil
1984: small 4 MW boiler was added
1987: interruptible gas was provided so boiler could run on either heavy fuel oil or gas.
1997/8: one 8 MW boiler removed and 3 1 MW CHP plants installed
2002: remaining heavy fuel oil provision converted to light oil
2006: Absorption Chiller installed
2010: Biomass Plant installed
Most buildings on campus have heat provision from central boiler house.
Exceptions: Elizabeth Fry, Queens, EDU, Nelson Court, Constable Terrace.

7. Nelson Court楼
Constable Terrace楼 7 7 7 7

8. Low Energy Educational Buildings
Thomas Paine Study Centre
Nursing and Midwifery School
ZICER
Medical School
Elizabeth Fry Building
Medical School Phase 2
You can see that the University has expanded in size
In recent years 4 educational building have been built on the campus to strenuous green design guidelines – all of which have the same construction type
EFRY – 1995
Medical School – 2001
ZICER – 2003
Nursing and Midwifery – 2005
This talk focuses on the third building – the ZICER building 8 8 8 8

9. Constable Terrace - 1993 Four Storey Student Residence
Divided into “houses” of 10
units each with en-suite facilities
Heat Recovery of body and cooking
heat ~ 50%.
Insulation standards exceed 2006
standards
Small 250 W panel heaters in
individual rooms. 9 9

10. Educational Buildings at UEA in 1990s
Elizabeth Fry Building 1994
Queen’s Building 1993
Elizabeth Fry Building Employs Termodeck principle and uses ~ 25% of Queen’s Building 10 10

11. The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994
Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~20% of average building at time.
Significantly outperforms even latest Building Regulations.
Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler. 11 11

12. Conservation: management improvements
Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. .

13. Comparison with other buildings
User Satisfaction
thermal comfort %
air quality %
lighting %
noise %
A low Energy Building is also a better place to work in.
Energy Performance
Carbon Dioxide Performance 13 13

14. Won the Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005
ZICER Building
Won the Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005
Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 57% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control.
Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor

15. The ground floor open plan office
The first floor open plan office
The first floor cellular offices

16. The ZICER Building – High in thermal mass Main part of the building
Air tight
High insulation standards
Triple glazing with low emissivity ~ equivalent to quintuple glazing
High in thermal mass – lots and lots of concrete. The external walls are built out of dense concrete blocks with a thickness of 23cm. All the ceilings are concrete blocks.
Air tight – very little air leakage in and out of the building. So if you put heat into the building it actually stays within the building without escaping through gaps in the structure.
High insulation standards - that exceed the current UK building regulations
Triple glazing windows with low e – effectively the equivalent to quadruple glazing
The main part of the building includes
Basement ….

17. Regenerative heat exchanger Incoming air into the AHU
Operation of Main Building
Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space
Regenerative heat exchanger
Incoming air into the AHU

18. Air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs
Operation of Main Building
Filter
过滤器
Heater
加热器
Air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs
空气通过空心的板层
Air enters the internal occupied space
空气进入内部使用空间

19. Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement.
Operation of Main Building
Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement.
Space for future chilling
将来制冷的空间
Out of the building
出建筑物
The return air passes through the heat exchanger
空气回流进入热交换器
Return stale air is extracted from each floor 从每层出来的回流空气

20. Fabric Heating/Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
Warm air
Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room
Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat.
热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中
板层储存来自于电器以及人体发出的热量
Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment
Winter Day

21. Fabric Heating/Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
Cold air
In late afternoon heating is turned off.
Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room
Slabs also radiate heat back into room
热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中
板层也把热散发到房间内
Winter Night

22. Fabric Heating/Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
Cool air
Draws out the heat accumulated during the day
Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day
把白天聚积的热量带走。
冷却板层使其成为来日的冷 存储器
night ventilation/
free cooling
Summer night

23. Fabric Heating/Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
Warm air
Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space
concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning
空气在进入建筑使用空间前被 预先冷却
混凝土结构吸收和储存了热量 以减少/停止对空调的使用
Summer day

24. Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements
Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%
能源消耗（kWh/天）
800
350
原始供热方法 新供热方法

25. Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings
建造209441GJ
自然通风221508GJ
54%
28%
51%
34%
使用空调384967GJ
Materials Production 材料制造
Materials Transport 材料运输
On site construction energy 现场建造
Workforce Transport 劳动力运输
Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy
基本功暖/供冷能耗
Functional Energy 功能能耗
Refurbishment Energy 改造能耗
Demolition Energy 拆除能耗
29%
61%

26. Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings
Compared to the Air-conditioned office, ZICER as built recovers extra energy required in construction in under 1 year.

27. Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia
Low Energy Buildings and their Management
Low Carbon Energy Provision
Photovoltaics
CHP
Adsorption chilling
Biomass Gasification
The Energy Tour
Energy Security: Hard Choices facing the UK 27 27

28. Photo shows only part of top Floor
ZICER Building
Photo shows only part of top Floor
Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays
Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6.7 kW in 3 arrays

29. Performance of PV cells on ZICER
All arrays of cells on roof have similar performance respond to actual solar radiation
The three arrays on the façade respond differently 29 29

30. Orientation relative to True North
Orientation relative to True North 30 30

31. 31 31

32. Arrangement of Cells on Facade
Individual cells are connected horizontally
Cells active
Cells inactive even though not covered by shadow
If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected.
As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive 32 32 32 32 32

33. Use of PV generated energy
Peak output is 34 kW 峰值34 kW
Sometimes electricity is exported
Inverters are only 91% efficient
Most use is for computers
DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient
Need an integrated approach 33 33

34. Exhaust Heat Exchanger
Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP
3% Radiation Losses
Localised generation makes use of waste heat.
Reduces conversion losses significantly
61% Flue Losses
Exhaust Heat Exchanger
11% Flue Losses
36%
86%
Gas
50% Heat
Engine
Generator
Heat Exchanger
36% Electricity

35. UEA’s Combined Heat and Power
3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat

36. Conversion efficiency improvements Before installation
1997/98
electricity
gas
oil
Total
MWh
19895
35148 33
Emission factor
kg/kWh
0.46
0.186
0.277
Carbon dioxide
Tonnes
9152
6538 9
15699
After installation
Electricity
Heat
1999/
2000
Total site
CHP generation
export
import
boilers
CHP
oil
total
MWh
20437
15630
977
5783
14510
28263
923
Emission factor
kg/kWh
-0.46
0.46
0.186
0.277
CO2
Tonnes
-449
2660
2699
5257
256
10422
This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide 36

37. Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA
Conversion efficiency improvements
Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA
Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively
More electricity could be generated in summer 37 37

38. Heat extracted for cooling
冷凝器 绝热
Condenser
Heat rejected
高温高压
High Temperature
High Pressure
节流阀
Throttle Valve
低温低压
Low Temperature
Low Pressure
Compressor
压缩器
蒸发器
为冷却进行热提取
Evaporator
Heat extracted for cooling
A typical Air conditioning/Refrigeration Unit

39. Heat from external source Heat extracted for cooling
Absorption Heat Pump
外部热
Heat from external source
冷凝器 绝热
Condenser
Heat rejected
高温高压
High Temperature
High Pressure
吸收器
热交换器
Absorber
Desorber
Heat Exchanger
节流阀
Throttle Valve
蒸发器
为冷却进行热提取
Evaporator
Heat extracted for cooling
低温低压
Low Temperature
Low Pressure
W ~ 0
Adsorption Heat pump reduces electricity demand and increases electricity generated

40. A 1 MW Adsorption chiller
Uses Waste Heat from CHP
provides most of chilling requirements in summer
Reduces electricity demand in summer
Increases electricity generated locally
Saves ~500 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

41. The Future: Biomass Advanced Gasifier/ Combined Heat and Power
Addresses increasing demand for energy as University expands
Will provide an extra 1.4MW of electrical energy and 2MWth heat
Will have under 7 year payback
Will use sustainable local wood fuel mostly from waste from saw mills
Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by ~ 25% despite increasing
student numbers by 250%

42. Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future
Low Energy Buildings
Photo-Voltaics
Low Energy Buildings
Absorption Chilling
Advanced CHP using Biomass Gasification
World’s First MBA in Strategic Carbon Management
Low Energy Buildings
Effective Adaptive Energy Management
Photovoltaics
Combined Heat and Power
Efficient CHP
Absorption Chilling 42 42 42 42 42

43. Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future
Photo-Voltaics
Efficient CHP
Absorption Chilling
Advanced Biomass CHP using Gasification 43 43 43 43 43

44. Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future
Efficient CHP
Absorption Chilling
1990
2006
Change since 1990
2010
Students
5570
14047
+152%
16000
+187%
Floor Area (m2)
138000
207000
+50%
220000
+159%
CO2 (tonnes)
19420
21652
+11%
14000
-28%
CO2 kg/m2
140.7
104.6
-25.7%
63.6
-54.8%
CO2 kg/student
3490
1541
-55.8%
875
-74.9% 44 44 44 44 44

45. Conclusions
Effective adaptive energy management can reduce heating energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more.
Heavy weight buildings can be used to effectively control energy consumption
Photovoltaic cells need to take account of intended use of electricity use in building to get the optimum value.
Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions significantly
Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure optimum utilisation of CHP plant, to reduce electricity demand, and allow increased generation of electricity locally.
Promoting Awareness can result in up to 25% savings
When the Biomass Plant is fully operational, UEA will have cut its carbon emissions per student by over 70% since 1990.
Finally!
"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."
Lao Tzu ( BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher