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2. Aztec

3. The first to build ceremonial platforms & pyramids for religious purposes
Olmec art: squished noses, slanted eyes, big lips
Olmec

4. Aztec

5. Original road
Machu Picchu
Inca

6. Aztec

7. Tikal (Guatemala)
Chichen Itza
Mayan

8. Ancient Empires Olmec __?____: 1400 BCE-500 BCE Mexican Gulf Coast
Ruled by priest & aristocrats
Huge pyramid temples
Known for giant stone heads (40 tons) with slanted eyes, big lips & squished noses
Maybe the first to invent system of counting???? (may have been precursor to Mayans’)
Lunar & solar calendars—had a concept of time

9. Ancient Empires __?___: 250-900 CE Mayan
Southern MX/ Northern Central America (Yucatan Pen.)
Ruled by priests & nobles
Priests performed sacrifices for good harvests, war success
Tikal & Chichen Itza major cities

10. Ancient Empires Mayan cont’d Extensive farming techniques
Lots of maize grew quickly
Dev. _________ for recording hist., honoring gods (Spanish burned most books)
365 day solar calendar
glyphs

12. Ancient Empires Aztecs: 1300s-1520s
Founded ____?______ in C. MX (searched b/c of legend)
Island in Lake Texcoco
_________- floating islands
Foods shared with world
maize (corn)
Chocolate (xocoatl)- only for elite though- “Food of the gods”
tomatoes
5 suns that last for multiples of 52 years
Tenochtitlan
Chinampas

13. Ancient Empires Aztecs cont’d emperor
Ruled by ______ next military, then majority (farmers), last were criminals & slaves
Priests had own class
Human sacrifices to sun
god to rise ea. day
Tens of thousands:
mostly P.O.W.s and some
noble family members
--Seen as barbarism to the
Spanish; seen as one of the
“noble” ways to die
emperor

14. Chinampas: artificial “islands” of fertile soil used to grow crops—faster & more efficient

15. Ancient Empires _____: 1430s-1530s Inca Andes Mtns, Ecuador  Chile
Ruled by emperor (Sapa Inca)
Extensive road network thru mtns (beats Romans)
Runners to warn of rebellion, invaders
All roads went thru Cuzco
Overall peaceful; communication encouraged between people living along the coast & people living in the higher elevations
Inca

16. Ancient Empires Inca cont’d
Used _______ for record keeping (for traders)
Spoke ______ (dev. into ethnic grp.)
Masters of terracing & irrigation from Pacific Ocean—brought in people from other civilizations to help as well
Domesticated alpacas & llamas 
quipu
quechua

17. Inca
Terracing
Quipu

18. Decline of Empires Olmecs: ??
Mayan: ?? (frequent war??, overpop. over farm??)
Aztecs: Span. conquistador ______________ (1521)
Inca: Span. conquistador ______________ (1535)
Hernan Cortes
Francisco Pizarro

19. Columbian Exchange

20. Peninsulares/ Viceroys
Sources of Discontent
Peninsulares/ Viceroys
_______&_________ wanted self-rule
Creoles read works of Enlightenment thinkers; All looked to Amn & Fr. Rev wanted more rights
Nat. & Afns wanted freedom from slavery
Finally acted when _________ defeated Spain (made weaker)
Napoleon

21. Toussaint L’Ouverture Leader of the ________ Revolution in 1804
Haitian

22. _________’s Fight Mexico Father Hidalgo: El Grito de Dolores
1810: cry for independence
encouraged lower class (mestizos) to fight for indep. and more rights
Hidalgo was executed Fr. Jose Morelos led fight (later executed)
Creoles (pure Span. descent) against rebels at 1st, then allied
Won in 1821: 1st monarchy, later republic

23. ________________ 1810: led revolt in Venezuela  form republic
Simon Bolivar
1810: led revolt in Venezuela  form republic
Went on to Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia republics
Joined Jose de San Martin
Leader in Argentina & Chile

24. Crash Course: Latin American Revolutions

25. Panama Canal

26. Panama Canal Isthmus __?____ perfect place to connect oceans
Ferdinand de Lesseps (developed Suez Canal) tried but failed
Disease, geography, $
Phillippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, who was sent to the isthmus to aid de Lesseps in development, asked US president Teddy Roosevelt (1901) to aid building

27. Panama Canal Panama was part of ________ at time
Colombia
Panama was part of ________ at time
refused to give up land
Panamanians revolted, US helped them
Panama gained independence (____)
Canal began in 1904, until 1914
US owned until _____
1903
December 31,1999

28. Dictatorships
OVERALL PATTERN
As the countries fought for indep., power went to new people
European & indigenous hist. stressed rank & privilege
So ppl of power and strength were natural fit
Enter the era of ___________ (dictators)
Caudillos

29. Dictatorships People are unhappy REVOLT
Option A: the military puts out revolt and resumes power to keep order
Option B: rebels win & put in someone military/wealthy don’t like  military coup

30. Augusto Pinochet Chile’s dictator from 1973-1990
Huge human rights abuses: 100,000 killed, imprisoned, tortured
Died 2006 awaiting trial

31. Raul & Fidel Castro
One on right helped lead Communist Revolution of Cuba in 1959 set up military dictatorship
Allied with Soviet Union during Cold War
Left power to one on left around 2008 b/c of illness

32. Hugo Chavez Venezuela saw coups until the 90s
Chavez was elected for strength, personal story, and new economic/social reform in time of crisis
Possible government corruption with Chavez’s rule
Ran his own type of socialist programs; died in 2013
Current president: Nicolas Maduro

33. 1st PAN president in 7 decades; elected in 2000
Vicente Fox
1st PAN president in 7 decades; elected in 2000
Former MX pres
Felipe Calderon
Current MX Pres
Enrique Pena Nieto

34. Juan Manuel Santos Dilma Rousseff Current pres of Colombia
1st female & current pres of Brazil, just re-relected
Dilma Rousseff

35. Marxist revolutionary guerilla warfare group in Colombia—funded through illegal drug sales, kidnaps-for-ransom, illegal gold mining
Been fighting since 1964
Methods seen as terrorism by Colombian govt
Say they represent “poor people”
FARC
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia—or the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia

36. Current issues in Latin America
Drug Trafficking:
-Drug Cartels rely on weak/corrupt central gov’t or police.
-Cartels travel up from S.A into C.A and Mexico, creating violence and crime on the way.
Human Trafficking:
- Around 700,00 ppl in L.A are currently being trafficked; 90% women and children, mainly for sexual exploitation.
-L.A has lack of strategies for prevention and often times faces local police and gov’t corruption.

37. Current Issues in Latin America
Income Inequality:
-124 M ppl in Latin America cities live in poverty.
½ of those live in Brazil and Mexico.
In Brazil of the 200 M ppl, 60 M are children under 18 with 40% living in poverty.
Wealthiest 20% of ppl in L.A earn 20X’s more than the 20% in poverty