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Waste Management

Automation - Automated waste management
Automated waste collection trucks prevent the need for as many workers as well as easing the level of Labor required to provide the service.

Fusion power - Waste management
The large flux of high-energy neutrons in a reactor will make the structural materials radioactive. The radioactive inventory at shut-down may be comparable to that of a fission reactor, but there are important differences.

Although this waste will be considerably more radioactive during those 50 years than fission waste, the very short half-life makes the process very attractive, as the waste management is fairly straightforward

Additionally, the choice of materials used in a fusion reactor is less constrained than in a fission design, where many materials are required for their specific neutron cross-sections

In general terms, fusion reactors would create far less radioactive material than a fission reactor, the material it would create is less damaging biologically, and the radioactivity "burns off" within a time period that is well within existing engineering capabilities.

Infrastructure - Solid waste management
Municipal garbage and recyclables collection

Infrastructure - Solid waste management
Hazardous waste disposal facilities

Environmental engineering - Solid waste management
Waste management is a distinct practice from resource recovery, which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources

Environmental technology - Solid waste management
Solid waste management is the purification, consumption, reuse, disposal and treatment of solid waste that is undertaken by the government or the ruling bodies of a city/town.

Domestic waste - Components of solid waste management
The municipal solid waste industry has four components: recycling, composting, landfilling, and waste-to-energy via incineration.[ Nonhazardous waste] U.S. Energy Information Administration The primary steps are generation, collection, sorting and separation, transfer, and disposal.

Domestic waste - Components of solid waste management
Activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown out or gathered together for disposal.

Sustainable architecture - Waste management
These materials are loosely categorized as municipal solid waste, construction and demolition (CD) debris, and industrial or agricultural by-products.John Ringel., University of Michigan, Sustainable Architecture, Waste Prevention [ Sustainable architecture focuses on the on-site use of waste management, incorporating things such as grey water systems for use on garden beds, and composting toilets to reduce sewage

Waste management All waste materials, whether they are solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive fall within the remit of waste management.

Waste management Waste management practices can differ for developed nation|developed and developing nations, for urban area|urban and rural areas, and for residential area|residential and industry|industrial producers

Waste management - History
Throughout most of history, the amount of waste generated by humans was insignificant due to low population density and low societal levels of the exploitation of natural resources. Common waste produced during pre-modern times was mainly ashes and human biodegradable waste, and these were released back into the ground locally, with minimum environmental degradation|environmental impact. Tools made out of wood or metal were generally reused or passed down through the generations.

Waste management - History
However, some civilizations do seem to have been more profligate in their waste output than others. In particular, the Maya civilization|Maya of Central America had a fixed monthly ritual, in which the people of the village would gather together and burn their rubbish in large dumps.

Waste management - Modern era
Following the onset of industrial revolution|industrialisation and the sustained urban growth of large population centres in England, the buildup of waste in the cities caused a rapid deterioration in levels of sanitation and the general quality of urban life

However, it was not until the mid-19th century, spurred by increasingly devastating cholera outbreaks and the emergence of a public health debate that the first legislation on the issue emerged. Highly influential in this new focus was the report The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population in 1842 of the social reformer, Edwin Chadwick, in which he argued for the importance of adequate waste removal and management facilities to improve the health and wellbeing of the city's population.

In the UK, the Nuisance Removal and Disease Prevention Act of 1846 began what was to be a steadily evolving process of the provision of regulated waste management in London. The Metropolitan Board of Works was the first city-wide authority that centralized sanitation regulation for the rapidly expanding city and the Public Health Act 1875 made it compulsory for every household to deposit their weekly waste in moveable receptacles: for disposal—the first concept for a dust-bin.

The dramatic increase in waste for disposal led to the creation of the first incineration plants, or, as they were then called, destructors. In 1874, the first incinerator was built in Nottingham by Manlove, Alliott Co. Ltd. to the design of Albert Fryer. However, these were met with opposition on account of the large amounts of ash they produced and which wafted over the neighbouring areas.

Similar municipal systems of waste disposal sprung up at the turn of the 20th century in other large cities of Europe and North America. In 1895, New York City became the first U.S. city with public-sector garbage management.

Early garbage truck|garbage removal trucks were simply open bodied dump trucks pulled by a team of horses

Waste management - Landfill
Disposal of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste and this remains a common practice in most countries

Waste management - Landfill
Design characteristics of a modern landfill include methods to contain leachate such as clay or plastic lining material. Deposited waste is normally compacted to increase its density and stability and covered to prevent attracting vermin (such as mice or rats). Many landfills also have landfill gas extraction systems installed to extract the landfill gas. Gas is pumped out of the landfill using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to generate electricity.

Waste management - Incineration
This method is useful for disposal of residue of both solid waste management and solid residue from waste water management.This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume

Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large scale by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is recognized as a practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials (such as biological medical waste). Incineration is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants.

Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is more scarce, as these facilities generally do not require as much area as landfills

Waste management - Recycling
Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers

The most common consumer products recycled include aluminium such as beverage cans, copper such as wire, steel from food and aerosol cans, old steel furnishings or equipment, HDPE|polyethylene and Recycling of PET Bottles|PET bottles, glass bottles and jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper, and corrugated fiberboard boxes.

Polyvinyl chloride|PVC, LDPE, Polypropylene|PP, and Polystyrene|PS (see resin identification code) are also recyclable. These items are usually composed of a single type of material, making them relatively easy to recycle into new products. The recycling of complex products (such as computers and electronic equipment) is more difficult, due to the additional dismantling and separation required.

The type of material accepted for recycling varies by city and country. Each city and country has different recycling programs in place that can handle the various types of recyclable materials. However, certain variation in acceptance is reflected in the resale value of the material once it is reprocessed.

Waste management - Sustainability
The management of waste is a key component in a business' ability to maintaining ISO14001 accreditation. Companies are encouraged to improve their environmental efficiencies each year by eliminating waste through resource recovery practices, which are sustainability-related activities. One way to do this is by shifting away from waste management to resource recovery practices like recycling materials such as glass, food scraps, paper and cardboard, plastic bottles and metal.

Waste management - Biological reprocessing
The intention of biological processing in waste management is to control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter

Waste management - Energy recovery
The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using them as a direct combustion fuel, or indirectly by processing them into another type of fuel

Waste management - Energy recovery
An alternative to pyrolysis is high temperature and pressure supercritical water decomposition (hydrothermal monophasic oxidation).

Waste management - Resource recovery
Resource recovery (as opposed to waste management) uses LCA (life cycle analysis) attempts to offer alternatives to waste management. For mixed MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) a number of broad studies have indicated that administration, source separation and collection followed by reuse and recycling of the non-organic fraction and energy and compost/fertilizer production of the organic material via anaerobic digestion to be the favoured path.

Waste management - Avoidance and reduction methods
An important method of waste management is the prevention of waste material being created, also known as waste reduction

Waste management - Waste handling and transport
Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries and regions. Domestic waste collection services are often provided by local government authorities, or by private companies in the industry. Some areas, especially those in less developed countries, do not have a formal waste-collection system. Examples of waste handling systems include:

* In Europe and a few other places around the world, a few communities use a proprietary collection system known as Envac, which conveys refuse via underground conduits using a vacuum system

* In Canadian urban centres curbside collection is the most common method of disposal, whereby the city collects waste and/or recyclables and/or organics on a scheduled basis. In rural areas people often dispose of their waste by hauling it to a transfer station. Waste collected is then transported to a regional landfill.

* In China, Plastic pyrolysis or Tire pyrolysis is: the process of converting waste plastic/tires into industrial fuels like pyrolysis oil, carbon black and hydrocarbon gas.End products are used as industrial fuels for producing heat, steam or electricity

* In Taipei, the city government charges its households and industries for the volume of rubbish they produce. Waste will only be collected by the city council if waste is disposed in government issued rubbish bags. This policy has successfully reduced the amount of waste the city produces and increased the recycling rate.

* In Science and technology in Israel#Environmental science|Israel, the Arrow Ecology company has developed the ArrowBio process|ArrowBio system, which takes trash directly from collection trucks and separates organic and inorganic materials through gravitational settling, screening, and hydro-mechanical shredding

* In Saudi Arabia there is the world’s largest AWCS now being built in the vicinity of Islam’s holiest mosque (Mecca)

* In San Francisco, the local government established its [ Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance] in support of its goal of [ zero waste by 2020], requiring everyone in the city to keep recyclables and compostables out of the landfill

While waste transport within a given country falls under national regulations, trans-boundary movement of waste is often subject to international treaties. A major concern to many countries in the world has been hazardous waste. The Basel Convention, ratified by 172 countries, deprecates movement of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries. The provisions of the Basel convention have been integrated into the EU waste shipment regulation.

Nuclear waste, although considered hazardous, does not fall under the jurisdiction of the Basel Convention.

Waste management - Technologies
Traditionally the waste management industry has been slow to adopt new technologies such as Radio-frequency identification|RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags, GPS and integrated software packages which enable better quality data to be collected without the use of estimation or manual data entry.

* Technologies like RFID tags are now being used to collect data on presentation rates for curb-side pick-ups.

* Benefits of GPS tracking is particularly evident when considering the efficiency of Ad Hoc pick-ups (like skip bins or dumpsters) where the collection is done on a consumer request basis.

* Integrated software packages are useful in aggregating this data for use in optimisation of operations for waste collection operations.

* Rear vision cameras are commonly used for OHS (Occupational Health Safety) reasons and video recording devices are becoming more widely used, particularly concerning residential services.

Waste management - Waste management concepts
There are a number of waste management concepts|concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely used concepts include:

*Waste hierarchy - The waste hierarchy refers to the 3 Rs Reduce (waste)|reduce, reuse and recycling|recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste Resource recovery|see: resource recovery.

*Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where the polluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the unrecoverable material.

Waste management - Scientific journals
Related scientific journals in this area include:

* Environmental and Resource Economics

* Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management

Green technologies - Solid waste management
Solid waste management is the purification, consumption, reuse, disposal and treatment of solid waste that is undertaken by the government or the ruling bodies of a city/town.Retrieved June 16th, “Urban Waste Management”. Retrieved June 16th,

Automatic machine - Automated waste management
Automated waste collection trucks prevent the need for as many workers as well as easing the level of Labor required to provide the service.Hepker, Aaron. ( ) [ Automated Garbage Trucks Hitting Cedar Rapids Streets | KCRG-TV9 | Cedar Rapids, Iowa News, Sports, and Weather | Local News]. Kcrg.com. Retrieved on

Tar sand - Land use and waste management
A large part of oil sands mining operations involves clearing trees and brush from a site and removing the overburden— topsoil, muskeg, sand, clay and gravel– that sits atop the oil sands deposit.

Approximately two tons of oil sands are needed to produce one barrel of oil (roughly 1/8 of a ton).

As a condition of licensing, projects are required to implement a Mine reclamation|reclamation plan.

The mining industry asserts that the boreal forest will eventually colonize the reclaimed lands, but their operations are massive and work on long-term timeframes. As of 2013, about of land in the oil sands region have been disturbed, and of that land is under reclamation.

In March 2008, Alberta issued the first-ever oil sands land reclamation certificate to Syncrude for the parcel of land known as Gateway Hill approximately north of Fort McMurray.

Environmental full cost accounting - Waste management
It takes into account past and future outlays, overhead (oversight and support services) costs, and operating costs.[ Solid Waste Full Cost Accounting], Department of Environmental Protection, Florida, Accessed [ Full Cost Accounting on Municipal Solid Waste Management at US-EPA], US Environmental Protection Agency, Accessed

Environmental full cost accounting - Waste management
Paths are the directions that MSW follows in the course of integrated solid waste management (i.e., the point of generation through processing and ultimate disposition) and include recycling, composting, waste-to-energy, and landfill disposal

Environmental full cost accounting - Benefits to waste management
When municipalities handle MSW services through general tax funds, the costs of MSW management can get lost among other expenditures. With FCA, managers can have more control over MSW costs because they know what the costs are.

See through the peaks and valleys in MSW cash expenditures

Using techniques such as depreciation and amortization, FCA produces a more accurate picture of the costs of MSW programs, without the distortions that can result from focusing solely on a given year's cash expenditures.

FCA helps you collect and compile the information needed to explain to citizens what solid waste management actually costs. Although some people might think that solid waste management is free (because they are not billed specifically for MSW services), others might overestimate its cost. FCA can result in bottom line numbers that speak directly to residents. In addition, public officials can use FCA results to respond to specific public concerns.

Adopt a business like approach to MSW management

By focusing attention on costs, FCA fosters a more businesslike approach to MSW management. Consumers of goods and services increasingly expect value, which means an appropriate balance between quality and cost of service. FCA can help identify opportunities for streamlining services, eliminating inefficiencies, and facilitating cost-saving efforts through informed planning and decision-making.

When considering privatization of MSW services, solid waste managers can use FCA to learn what it costs (or would cost) to do the work. As a result, FCA better positions public agencies for negotiations and decision-making. FCA also can help communities with publicly run operations determine whether their costs are competitive with the private sector.

Evaluate the appropriate mix of MSW services

FCA gives managers the ability to evaluate the cost of each element of their solid waste system, such as recycling, composting, waste-to-energy, and landfilling. FCA can help managers avoid common mistakes in thinking about solid waste management, notably the error of treating avoided costs as revenues.

Fine-tune MSW programs

As more communities use FCA and report the results, managers might be able to benchmark their operations to similar communities or norms. This comparison can suggest options for re-engineering current operations. Furthermore, when cities, counties, and towns know what it costs to manage MSW independently, they can better identify any savings that might come from working together.

Environmental impact of the coal industry - Waste management
The burning of coal leads to substantial fly ash sludge-storage ponds

Chennai - Waste management
The city generates 4,500 tonnes of garbage every day of which 429 tonnes are plastic waste. The city has three dumpyards, one each at Perungudi, Kodungaiyur, and Pallikaranai. The corporation has planned to close these yards and create four new dumpyards at Malaipattu, Minjur, Vallur, and Kuthambakkam villages, ranging in size from 20 acres to 100 acres. The civic body also spends 4,000 million a year on solid waste management.

Suez Environnement - Waste management
Suez Environnement also:

* Sorts and processes household, industry|industrial, medical and agricultural waste

* Recycling|Recycles and Incineration|incinerates waste products or disposes of them in managed landfill sites

* Sanitisation|Sanitises and de-pollutes contaminated ground

Waste Management, Inc. 'Waste Management, Inc.' is a waste management, comprehensive waste management|waste, and environmental services company in North America. Founded in 1971, the company is headquartered in the First City Tower in Houston, Texas.[ Contact Us]. Waste Management, Inc. Retrieved on January 14, 2009.

Waste Management, Inc. The three largest national companies, Waste Management, Allied Waste and Republic Services together handle more than half the solid waste generated in the United States today

Waste Management, Inc. - History
In the 1980s, Waste Management acquired Service Corporation of America (SCA) to become the largest waste hauler in the country.

Between the years of 1992 and 1997, the executive officers of Waste Management, Inc

In 1993, Waste Management, Inc. changes to WMX Technologies, Inc. As a universal symbol of the other services they provided other than solid waste removal, recycling, and disposal.

When a new CEO took charge of the company in 1997, he ordered a review of the company's accounting practices in In 1998 Waste Management restated its earnings by $1.7 billion, making it the largest restatement in history.

The merged company retained the Waste Management brand

In November 1999, turn-around CE was brought in to help Waste Management recover. The company has since implemented new technologies, safety standards, and operational practices, and is on a steady upward climb.

On October 13, 2008, Waste Management withdrew its bid for Republic Services, citing financial market turmoil.[ ]

In January 2009, a global economic crisis forced Waste Management to aggressively reduce and restructure its corporate workforce.

On February 7, 2010, CBS debuted a new TV series called Undercover Boss after the Super Bowl XLIV|Super Bowl. Waste Management Chief Operating Officer|COO Lawrence O'Donnell III participated in this first episode and got a chance to see up close the inner workings of the company he helped run. O'Donnell left Waste Management on July 1, 2010.

Waste Management also sponsored the #14 car of Sterling Marlin in 2006 until 2007 in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.

Waste Management, Inc. - USA Waste Services Inc
Rodney Proto then takes over CEO of the new Waste Management

Waste Management, Inc. - Corporate structure and leadership
Waste Management is structured into the following units:

**Duane C. Woods, Senior Vice President

Current members of the board of directors of Waste Management are: John C. Jack Pope, David P. Steiner, Dr. Pastora San Juan Cafferty, Frank M. Clark, Jr., Pat Gross, Thomas I. Morgan, W. Robert Reum, and Steven G. Rothmeier.

David P. Steiner is also the chief executive officer of the company (since 2004), succeeding A. Maurice Myers.

Waste Management, Inc. - Recycling
Waste Management is North America’s largest residential recycler, currently managing more than 8.5 million tons of materials, including metal, plastic, glass, electronics and paper at 128 facilities.

One service provided by Waste Management, single-stream recycling, allows recyclable materials to be comingled, rather than separated by the customer and handled separately by the collection provider. The company currently operates 30 single-stream recycling facilities throughout North America. Because the single-stream recycling process eliminates the need for customers to separate items before they are collected, it usually leads to higher recycling participation rates in local communities.

With this in mind, Waste Management has partnered with several companies, like LG Electronics, to recycle electronics for reprocessing.

The company operates approximately 150 e-cycling centers throughout the country through its subsidiary, WM Recycle America

Waste Management has also invested in new methods and technologies for reusing and recycling non-traditional materials, such as organic waste and construction debris. In 2010, Waste Management announced two strategic investments to advance recycling technologies in North America:

* In January 2010, Waste Management announced it would fund Boston-area company Harvest Power, which specializes in turning food and yard waste into compost. Harvest Power is also working to develop anaerobic digester technology that uses waste to create a biogas, which can produce electricity, heat or be converted to natural gas.

* In May 2010, Waste Management announced its investment in MicroGREEN Polymers Inc., which specializes in reducing the amount plastic required for production of consumer products, like plastic bottles.

In June 2009, Waste Management signed an agreement with BigBelly Solar to be the sole waste company distributor of BigBelly’s technology in North America. BigBelly compactors are self-powered by built-in solar panels and are capable of holding 180 gallons of waste. The compactors decrease the need for trash pickup by 80 percent, which reduces production costs, fuel use, and greenhouse gas emissions.

Waste Management has been working with other sports and music venues across the nation to increase recycling among patrons

Additionally, through its subsidiaries GreenOps, LLC and Greenopolis, Waste Management partnered with PepsiCo to develop the Dream Machine recycling initiative to increase beverage container recycling throughout the U.S. Dream Machine kiosks are computerized recycling receptacles that include a personal reward system that allows users to accumulate and redeem points for every item they recycle at

Waste Management, Inc. - Renewable Energy
Through its subsidiary, 'Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.', Waste Management owns and operates sixteen waste-to-energy facilities and five independent power-production facilities, which specialize in collecting municipal solid waste and transforming it into renewable electric power. Some of Wheelabrator’s facilities are also capable of generating electricity from materials such as waste wood, waste coal and natural gas.

Waste Management is also involved in landfill gas utilization, including landfill-gas-to-energy (LFGTE) production. The company has over 115 LFTGE facilities, and plans to add another 60 facilities by LFGTE facilities collect methane and carbon dioxide gases emitted during the natural anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in the landfill. These gases are then used to fuel engines or turbines that generate electricity to power surrounding areas.

In August 2009, Waste Management announced that it would join Valero Energy Corporation as a strategic investor in Terrabon L.L.C.’s waste-to-fuel conversion technology. Waste Management will also assist Terrabon in securing organic waste streams. Terrabon specializes in refining municipal solid wastes and sewage sludge into non-hazardous organic salts. The organic salts are then sent to Valero where it can be converted into gasoline, diesel or jet fuel.

Around this same time, Waste Management launched a joint venture with Oregon-based company InEnTec to form S4 Energy Solutions. S4 uses a process called plasma gasification (also known as plasma arc waste disposal) to heat waste materials until they break down to produce a synthesis gas, or syngas. The syngas can be converted into transportation fuels, such as ethanol or diesel, or can be used as a substitute for natural-gas heating and electricity.

The investment signifies Waste Management’s continued efforts to invest in upcoming green technologies and to double its renewable energy production.

Waste Management, Inc. - International
In 2009, Waste Management purchased a 40-percent stake in Shanghai Environment Group Co Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of Shanghai Chengtou Holding Co Ltd. SEG sought Waste Management’s investment in order to benefit from Waste Management’s experience in the waste disposal field, as well as improve their technology for waste disposal.

Waste Management, Inc. - Anti-trust allegations
In 1987, the US government accused Waste Management of violating antitrust laws by colluding with other waste haulers to allocate customers in two Florida counties.

Waste Management, Inc. - Accounting improprieties
The United States Securities and Exchange Commission|SEC fined Waste Management's independent auditor, Arthur Andersen, US$7 million for its role.

Waste Management, Inc. - ERP software implementation failure
This initial implementation was to be followed in two months with a company-wide implementation from Waste Management's headquarters in Houston, Texas.

In December, 2007, Waste Management ended their ERP implementation effort. Waste Management characterized the ERP implementation as non-functional. An SAP sponsored Solution Review determined that a customized ERP, based upon an updated SAP ERP, would need to be made in order to accommodate a company-wide implementation.

Waste Management sued SAP for the US$100 million to recover the funds it had spent on the failed ERP implementation. In the lawsuit, Waste Management accused SAP of fraud and deception. SAP countered that Waste Management failed to present knowledgeable workers and accurate business models and failed to migrate data from legacy systems. The suit concluded in 2010 under confidential terms and a one time payment from SAP to Waste Management disclosed to the SEC.

Waste Management, Inc. - Labor relations
Oakland's City Council reached a settlement with Waste Management over the dispute in March, 2008

Waste Management, Inc. - Environmental record
As a member of the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX), Waste Management made a commitment during the pilot phase to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by four percent below the average of its 1998–2001 baseline by 2006

In November 2009, at Waste Management's Altamont Landfill, a new plant began producing 13,000 gallons a day of clean-burning LNG fuel from methane gas from the landfill that had fueled an electric power plant since Waste Management has said that the plant, announced in April 2008, and built and operated by The Linde Group with state funding, is the world’s largest facility to convert landfill gas into vehicle fuel.

Waste Management works with environmental groups in the U.S. to set aside land to create and manage wetlands and wildlife habitats. The company’s landfills currently provide approximately of protected land for wildlife; 73 landfills are certified by the Wildlife Habitat Council.

In November 2010, some residents of Kettleman City, California complained to the EPA about Waste Management's plan to double the size of its Kettleman Hills Hazardous Waste Facility, a local dump that has been connected to hazardous waste such as asbestos, pesticides, and PCBs.

In May 2011, Waste Management's Wheelabrator division agreed to pay a record $7.5 million settlement with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for a host of environmental violations at its plants in North Andover, Saugus, and Millbury, Massachusetts. The settlement was announced on May 2, 2011 by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection and Attorney General Martha Coakley's office.

Waste Management, Inc. - Marketing
Waste Management used aggressive marketing to try to turn the company around in the 1990s, with slogans like: “What business do we have saying we help the environment? That is our business.“ and Waste Management, helping the world dispose of its problems. The current slogan is “From everyday collection, to environmental protection, think green. Think Waste Management.“ They also are featured in a Walt Disney World Epcot attraction, Innoventions (Epcot)|Innoventions.

Waste Management, Inc. - Marketing
Waste Management has also tried to soften its impact on communities through public relations, such as its 2011 renaming of Mount Trashmore (Broward)|Mount Trashmore in northern Broward County, Florida, from the North Broward County Resource Recovery and Central Disposal Sanitary Landfill to the Monarch Hill Renewable Energy Park.

Waste Management, Inc. - Television
In February 2010, Waste Management was the first company featured on CBS television series Undercover Boss

Waste Management, Inc. - Television
O'Donnell personally intervened in the career of an administrative assistant he met while filming the series. The administrative assistant had put her family's house up for sale due to lack of sufficient income despite working two jobs. O'Donnell promoted the employee to a supervisor position, which included a higher rate of pay and bonus eligibility, thus allowing her to keep the house.

Waste Management, Inc. - Product placement
The Waste Management brand is featured in several recent films. Waste Management vehicles and equipment are featured prominently in several scenes in Transformers: Dark of the Moon. In the film, one character transforms from a robot into a Waste Management collection vehicle. A Waste Management branded roll-off box can be seen in the background of a scene in the 2009 film Paul Blart: Mall Cop and a character dressed as a Waste Management employee appears in the film, The Spy Next Door.

Waste Management, Inc. - Restatement
On November 14, 1997, the company reclassified or adjusted certain items in its financial statements for 1996 and the first nine months of 1997.

On August 3, 1999, the company would have to restate first-quarter results downward, partly because of changes in the value of landfills and other

assets in connection with its acquisition last year of Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.

Chernobyl disaster - Radioactive materials and waste management
, some fuel remained in the reactors at units 1 through 3, most of it in each unit's spent fuel pool, as well as some material in a small spent fuel interim storage facility pond (ISF-1).

In 1999 a contract was signed for construction of a radioactive waste management facility to store 25,000 used fuel assemblies from units 1–3 and other operational wastes, as well as material from decommissioning units 1–3 (which will be the first RBMK units decommissioned anywhere). The contract included a processing facility able to cut the RBMK fuel assemblies and to put the material in canisters, which were to be filled with inert gas and welded shut.

The canisters were to be transported to dry cask storage|dry storage vaults, where the fuel containers would be enclosed for up to 100 years. This facility, treating 2500 fuel assemblies per year, would be the first of its kind for RBMK fuel. However, after a significant part of the storage structures had been built, technical deficiencies in the concept emerged, and the contract was terminated in The interim spent fuel storage facility (ISF-2) will now be completed by others by mid-2013.

Another contract has been let for a liquid radioactive waste treatment plant, to handle some 35,000 cubic meters of low- and intermediate-level liquid wastes at the site. This will need to be solidified and eventually buried along with solid wastes on site.

In January 2008, the Ukrainian government announced a 4-stage decommissioning plan that incorporates the above waste activities and progresses towards a cleared site

Justason Market Intelligence - Waste management
Justason Market Intelligence completed qualitative and quantitative components of the Municipal Water and Waste Management Labour Market Study with 'ECO Canada'. This study uncovered an aging workforce, shallow candidate pools for critical positions in this category, and employee retention challenges in water/wastewater treatment facilities.

Environmental full-cost accounting - Waste management
It takes into account past and future outlays, overhead (oversight and support services) costs, and operating costs.[ Solid Waste Full Cost Accounting], Department of Environmental Protection, Florida, Accessed [ Full Cost Accounting on Municipal Solid Waste Management at US-EPA], US Environmental Protection Agency, Accessed

List of waste management acronyms
The following article contains a list of acronyms and initials used in the 'waste management' industry.[ A to Z - Waste Resources (CIWM)]

List of waste management acronyms - A
*AATF Approved Authorised Treatment Facility

*ABPO Animal By-Products Order

*ABPR Animal By-Products Regulations

*ABS Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

*ACoP Construction (Design and Management)|Approved Code of Practice

*ADR Accord Europeen Relatif aux Transport International des Marchandises Dangereuses par Route European agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by road

*ALANI Association of Local Authorities in Northern Ireland

*ANPR Automatic Number Plate Recognition

*APCR Air Pollution Control Residue

*APSRG Policy Connect|Associate Parliamentary Sustainable Resource Group

*ASBO Anti Social Behaviour Order

*ASR Automotive shredder residue|Automotive Shredder Residue

*ASSURE Association for Sustainable Use and Recovery of Resources

*ATF Authorised Treatment Facility (e.g. for the treatment of end-of-life vehicles (see ELV) and waste electrical and electronic equipment (see WEEE))

*AVAC Automated vacuum collection|Automated Vacuum Collection

*AWCS Automated Vacuum Collection|Automated Waste Collection System

List of waste management acronyms - B
*BANANA NIMBY#BANANA|Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything

*BAT (NEEC) Best Available Technique (Not Entailing Excessive Costs)

*BIFM British Institute of Facilities Management

*BIR Bureau of International Recycling

*BMW Biodegradable Municipal Waste

*BOO Build Own Operate

*BOT Build Operate Transfer

*BREEAM BREEAM|Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method

*BREW(p) Business Resource Efficiency and Waste programme

*BRITE Better Regulation in the Environment (Environment Agency initiative)

**BSI PAS 101 Recovered container glass: Specification for quality and guidance for good practice in collection

**BSI PAS 103 Collected waste plastics packaging: Specification for quality and guidance for good practice in collection and preparation for recycling

**BSI PAS 104 Wood recycling in the panelboard manufacturing industry: Specification for quality and guidance for good practice for the supply of post consumer wood for consumption in the manufacture of panelboard products

**BSI PAS 105 Recovered paper sourcing and quality for UK end markets

**BSI PAS 107 Specification for the manufacture and storage of size reduced tyre materials

**BSI PAS 108 Specification for the production of tyre bales for use in construction

**BSI PAS 109 Specification for the production of recycled gypsum from waste plasterboard

**BSI PAS 110 Specification for whole digestate, separated liquor and separated fibre derived from the anaerobic digestion of source-segregated biodegradable materials

**BSI PAS 111 Specification for the requirements and test methods for processing waste wood

**BSI PAS 141 Reuse of used and waste electrical and electronic equipment (UEEE and WEEE). Process management - Specification

*BVPI Best Value Performance Indicator

List of waste management acronyms - C
*CAFÉ Clean Air For Europe programme

*CATNAP Cheapest Available Technology Narrowly Avoiding Prosecution

*CATNIP Cheapest Available Technology Not Involving Prosecution

*CBI Confederation of British Industry

*CCGT Combined Cycle Gas Turbine

*CD Construction Demolition (e.g. CD waste)

*CDG(CPL) Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail (Classification, Packaging and Labelling) Regulations 1994

*CEC Commission of the European Communities

*CEMP Construction Environmental Management Plan

*CEN Comite Europeen de Normalisation (European Committee for Standardisation)

*CEWEP Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants

*CfSH Code for Sustainable Homes

*CHEM Container Handling Equipment Manufacturers

*CHIP Technical Guidance WM2|Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations

*CI Commercial waste|Commercial Industrial waste|Industrial (e.g. CI waste)

*CIPFA Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy

*CIWEM Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management

*CIWM Chartered Institution of Wastes Management

*CL:AIRE Contaminated Land: Application In Real Environments [ CLAIRE]

*CLEA Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment

*CLO Digestate|Compost-like Output

*CNEA Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005|Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act

*COD Chemical Oxygen Demand or Certificate of Destruction

*COPLR Code of Practice for Litter and Refuse

*CoTC Waste Management Licensing Regulations|Certificate of Technical Competence

*CRC CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme (formerly the Carbon Reduction Commitment)

*CRC Civic amenity site|Community Recycling Centre

*CRNS Community Recycling Network for Scotland

*CSTR Continuous stirred-tank reactor|Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor

*CV Calorific Value

*CWR Controlled waste|Controlled Waste Regulations

List of waste management acronyms - D
*DBFO Private finance initiative|Design Build Finance and Operate

*DCLG Department for Communities and Local Government

*DECLG Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government (Ireland)

*DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

*DGXI Directorate-General for the Environment (European Commission)|Directorate General of the European Commission responsible for the Environment

*DTI Department of Trade and Industry (disambiguation)|Department of Trade and Industry

*DTS Distributor Takeback Scheme

List of waste management acronyms - E
*EBRA European Battery Recycling Association

*eDoC Electronic Duty of Care

*EEA European Environment Agency

*EGSB Expanded granular sludge bed digestion|Expanded Granular Sludge Bed

*EIC Environmental Industries Commission

*EIR Environmental Information Regulations

*ELSEF East London Sustainable Energy Facility

*ELWA Waste disposal authorities in London|East London Waste Authority

*EMAS Eco-Management and Audit Scheme

*ENCAMS Keep Britain Tidy|Environmental Campaigns (umbrella name for former Going for Green and Tidy Britain Group)

*EP Waste Management Licensing Regulations|Environmental Permit

*EPA Environmental Protection Act (disambiguation)|Environmental Protection Act or United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency

*EPR Waste Management Licensing Regulations|Environmental Permitting Regulations

*ERFO European Recovered Fuels Organisation

*ETRMA Tire recycling|European Tyre Rubber Manufacturers’ Association

*EUHWL EU Hazardous Waste List (now incorporated into EWC)

*EUROPEN Sustainable packaging|European Organization for Packaging and the Environment

*EWC Waste characterisation|European Waste Catalogue

List of waste management acronyms - F
*FCC Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas

*FEAD Fédération Européenne des Activités du Déchet et de l’Environnement European Federation of Waste Management and Environmental Services

*Frag Fragmentised Waste (e.g. from the vehicle recycling industry)

*FWD Garbage disposal unit|Food Waste Disposer

List of waste management acronyms - G
*GAIA Climate Justice Now!|Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives

*GCV Heat of combustion|Gross Calorific Value

*GLA Greater London Authority

*GMWDA Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority

List of waste management acronyms - H
*HTI Incineration|High Temperature Incineration

*HWOL HazWasteOnline (web-based tool for assessing and classifying hazardous waste)

*HWR Waste legislation|Hazardous Waste Regulations

*HWRA Household Waste Recycling Act 2003|Household Waste Recycling Act

*HWRC Civic amenity site|Household Waste Recycling Centre

List of waste management acronyms - I
*IED Industrial Emissions Directive

*INCPEN Industry Council for Packaging and the Environment

*IPP Life Cycle Thinking|Integrated Product Policy

*IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

*ISRI Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries

*IWM Waste management|Integrated Waste Management or Chartered Institution of Wastes Management|Institute of Wastes Management

List of waste management acronyms - J
*JMWMS Joint Municipal Waste Management Strategy

List of waste management acronyms - J
*JWA Joint Waste Authority

List of waste management acronyms - L
*LACMW Local Authority Collected Municipal Waste (household and commercial waste where collected by the local authority and which is similar in nature and composition as required by the Landfill Directive)

*LACW Local Authority Collected Waste (all waste collected by the local authority. This is a slightly broader concept than LACMW as it would include both this and non-municipal fractions such as construction and demolition waste)

*LARAC Local Authority Recycling Advisory Committee

*LAWAS Local Authority Waste Arisings Survey

*LAWDC Local Authority Waste Disposal Company

*LCF Landfill Communities Fund

*LCPD Large Combustion Plant Directive

*LHIP Landfill and Hazardous Waste Implementation Programme

*LOLER Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998

*LPSA Local Public Service Agreement

List of waste management acronyms - M
*MAC Maximum Allowable Concentration

*MBI Incineration|Mass Burn Incineration

*MCA Municipal Collection Authority

*MCDA Multi-criteria decision analysis|Multi Criteria Decision Analysis

*MDC Metropolitan district council|Metropolitan District Council

*MEL COSHH|Maximum Exposure Limit

*MHSWR Health and safety regulations in the United Kingdom|Management of Health Safety at Work Regulations

*MMRCV Garbage truck|Multi-Modal Refuse Collection Vehicle

*MRWA Merseyside Waste Disposal Authority|Merseyside Recycling and Waste Authority formerly known as Merseyside Waste Disposal Authority

*MSW Municipal Solid Waste

*MSWI Waste-to-energy|Municipal Solid Waste Incineration

*MWDA Merseyside Waste Disposal Authority as of December 2011 renamed as Merseyside Recycling and Waste Authority

List of waste management acronyms - N
*NCH National Clearing House

*NCV Heat of combustion|Net Calorific Value

*NELVS Natural End of Life Vehicles

*NFFO Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation

*NGG New Generation Group (CIWM programme renamed New Member Network)

*NHHWF National Household Hazardous Waste Forum

*NISP National Industrial Symbiosis Programme

*NLWA Waste disposal authorities in London|North London Waste Authority

*NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US)

*NSIP Nationally significant infrastructure projects|Nationally Significant Infrastructure Project

*NWMRF National Waste Minimisation Recycling Fund

*NWPA Nuclear Waste Policy Act

List of waste management acronyms - O
*OCC Corrugated fiberboard|Old Corrugated Containers

*ODS Ozone Depleting Substance

*OJEU Official Journal of the European Union

*OPRA Operator Pollution Risk Appraisal

List of waste management acronyms - P
*PAS Publicly Available Specification

*PCS Producer Compliance Scheme

*PELVs Premature End of Life Vehicles (relatively new cars which have not survived the expected life span that most vehicle manufacturers build into their vehicles)

*PIU Performance and Innovation Unit

*PM Atmospheric particulate matter|Particulate Matter, airborne (e.g. PM 10 ~ particles under 10 micrometres)

*PPC Pollution Prevention and Control Act

*PPE Personal Protective Equipment

*PPG Planning Policy Guidance Notes (e.g. PPG 10 for waste management)

*PPP Public Private Partnership or Polluter-pays principle

*PUWER Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998|Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations

List of waste management acronyms - Q
*QUANGO Quasi Autonomous Non-Governmental Organisation

List of waste management acronyms - Q
*QUENSH QUality, ENvironment, Safety and Health

List of waste management acronyms - R
*RAG Recycling Advisory Group, Scotland

*RCEP Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution

*RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (US)

*REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals

*RECAP Recycling in Cambridgeshire and Peterborough

*RECOUP Recycling Of Used Plastics

*RFID Radio-frequency identification|Radio Frequency Identification

*RIA Regulatory Impact Assessment

*RID Regulations concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail

*RIDDOR Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995

*RGN Regulatory Guidance Note

*RoHS Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive|Restriction of Hazardous Substances

*RoRo Rolonof/Roll-on Roll-off, demountable container system

*RSA Construction aggregate|Recycled Secondary Aggregate

*RSA Restoring Sustainable Abstraction

List of waste management acronyms - S
*SEI Sustainable Electronics Initiative

*SELCHP South East London Combined Heat and Power

*SGV Soil guideline value|Soil Guideline Value

*SIG Special Interest Group of CIWM

*SLF Secondary Liquid Fuel

*SLWP Waste disposal authorities in London|South London Waste Partnership

*SNIFFER Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental Research

*SNRHW Technical Guidance WM2|Stable Non-Reactive Hazardous Wastes

*SRB Single Regeneration Budget

*SRF Refuse-derived fuel|Secondary Recovered Fuel or Solid or Specified

*STA Source Testing Association

*SWAG Scottish Waste Advisory Group

*SWDWP South West Devon Waste Partnership

*SWF Strategic Waste Fund (Scotland)

*SWMP Site Waste Management Plans Regulations 2008|Site Waste Management Plan

*SWP Shropshire Waste Partnership or Somerset Waste Partnership or Surrey Waste Partnership

List of waste management acronyms - T
*TCLP Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure|Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure

*TEF Toxic equivalent|Toxic Equivalent Factor

*TRIF Technology and Research Innovation Fund

*TUPE Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment)

List of waste management acronyms - U
*UASB Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion

*UDP Unitary Development Plan

*UEEE Used Electrical and Electronic Equipment

*UKELA UK Environmental Law Association

*UKWIN United Kingdom Without Incineration

*UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

*UROC United Resource Operators Confederation

List of waste management acronyms - V
*VCU Vertical Composting Units

*VOC Volatile Organic Compound

*VRQ Vocational education|Vocationally Related Qualification

List of waste management acronyms - W
*WAMITAB Waste Management Industry Training Advisory Board

*WARRAG Waste And Resources Research Advisory Group

*WCA Waste collection authority|Waste Collection Authority

*WDA Waste Disposal Authority

*WDF WasteDataFlow (web-based system for municipal waste data reporting by UK local authorities)

*WEEE Electronic waste|Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

*WLWA Waste disposal authorities in London|West London Waste Authority

*WM2 Technical Guidance WM2 Hazardous Waste: Interpretation of the definition and classification of hazardous waste

*WML Waste Management Licensing Regulations|Waste Management Licence (replaced by Environmental Permits)

*WRAP Waste and Resources Action Programme

*WRATE Waste and Resources Assessment Tool for the Environment

*WRG Waste Recycling Group

*WRWA Waste disposal authorities in London|Western Riverside Waste Authority

*WS2007 National Waste Strategy|Waste Strategy for England 2007 (superseded by the Waste Management Plan for England (2013))

List of waste management acronyms - X
*XRF X-ray fluorescence|X-Ray Fluorescence (i.e. checking for the presence of metals in waste plastics)

Curbside collection - Waste management and resource recovery
Kerbside collection is today often referred to as a strategy of local authorities to collect recyclable items from the consumer. Kerbside collection is considered a low-risk strategy to reduce waste volumes and increase recycling rates. Materials are typically collected in large bins, coloured bags, or small open plastic tubs, specifically designated for content.

Recyclable materials that may be separately collected from municipal waste include:

*Corrugated fiberboard

*Plastics (#1 Polyethylene terephthalate|PET, #2 HDPE natural and colored, #3 PVC narrow-necked containers, #4 LDPE, #5 Polypropylene|PP, #6 Polystyrene (however not EXPANDED polystyrene, an example of recyclable polystyrene may be a yoghurt pot) #7 other mixed resin plastics)

Kerbside collection of recyclable resources is aimed to recover purer waste streams with higher market value than by other collection methods. If the household incorrectly separates the recyclable elements, the load may have to be put to landfill if it is deemed to be contaminated.

Kerbside collection and household recycling schemes are also being used as tools by local authorities to increase the public's awareness of their waste production.

Kerbside collection is commonly considered to be completely environmentally friendly. This may not necessarily be the case as it leads to an increased number of waste collection vehicles on the road, in themselves contributing to global warming through exhaust emissions until the time of their conversion to clean energy.

New and emerging waste treatment technologies such as mechanical biological treatment may offer an alternative to kerbside collection through automated separation of waste in recycling factories.

Waste management in Russia
Russia is a big producer of waste as one of the biggest economies in the world.

Waste management in Russia - Regulation
Federal Law on Production and Consumption of Waste and the development of basic regulations.[ ]

Waste management in Russia - Nuclear waste
In 2008, Rosatom Federal Atomic Energy Agency promulgated the bill On Radioactive Waste Management.

Waste management in Hong Kong
In the densely populated Hong Kong, waste is a troublesome issue. The territory generates around 6.4 million tons of waste each year, and by 2015, its existing landfills are expected to be full. Government of Hong Kong|The government has introduced waste management schemes and is working to educate the public on the subject. On the commercial side, producers are taking up measures to reduce waste.

Waste management in Hong Kong - Statistics
Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department (EPD) provides data and statistics about waste management.[ EPD - Data Statistics]

Waste management in Hong Kong - Overview
In Hong Kong, wastes generated can be categorized as municipal solid waste, construction and demolition waste, chemical waste and other special waste including clinical waste, Carrion|animal carcasses, livestock waste, radioactive waste, sewage sludge|grease trap waste and waterworks/sewage sludges.

Waste management in Hong Kong - Overview
Current (2012) waste generation in Hong Kong is around 3,3 million tonnes per year or 465 kg/cap/year.

Waste management in Hong Kong - Processing
Wastes in Hong Kong are first collected from disposal bins to refuse transfer stations (RTS). After they are compacted and put in containers, they are delivered to disposal lands or recycling centers.

Waste management in Hong Kong - Waste Collection
There are hundreds of collectors in the territory where wastes are located before transferring to refuse transfer stations.[ Friends of the Earth (HK)]

Waste management in Hong Kong - Waste Transport
There are seven refuse transfer stations in the territory. They serve as centralised collection points for the transfer of waste to the strategic landfills.

Waste management in Hong Kong - Strategic landfills
Hong Kong has three strategic landfills in use. All are located in the New Territories:[ Hong Kong Expands Municipal Solid Waste Management System Into The Future]

Waste management in Hong Kong - Closed landfills
There are also 13 closed landfills. The closed landfills are converted into facilities such as golf courses, multi-purpose grass pitches, rest gardens, and ecological parks. Greenhouse gases emitted from closed landfills are used for energy. The closed landfills are:

Waste management in Hong Kong - Friends of the Earth
Friends of the Earth (HK) is one of the local environmental groups in Hong Kong. One of its campaigns emphasizes on setting up an all-inclusive recycling system.

Waste management in Hong Kong - Green Power
Green Power, another local environmental organization, has many activities related to waste control and management. Green Power organizes an on-going Zero Waste Action, aiming to reduce the waste the territory produces.[ Green Power - Activities]

Waste management concepts
*Precautionary principle

*Product stewardship

**Waste minimisation|Reduce

Waste management in Armenia
Armenia is underdeveloped in its waste management and recycling activities. Currently (2012) Armenia produces 368,618 tonnes of MSW per year or kg/cap/year. [ Atlas (2012). Country Data: ARMENIA

Waste management in Armenia - Landfills
60 landfills exist in Armenia. No waste sorting, recycling, nor reuse takes place at any of them. Instead, garbage is dumped into a working area and then flattened using a bulldozer to create a layer of garbage 300 centimeters thick.[ In Armenia Waste is Not Yet Profitable], Hetq Online, June 25, 2007.

Waste management in Armenia - Nubarashen
The Nubarashen landfill () is Armenia's largest waste disposal site and is located near Yerevan. It receives almost all of the solid waste produced in the city of Yerevan and its suburbs, which is about 340 tons per day, or 102,000 tons per year.[ With a Visit to Armenia's Largest Dump, UNDP and the Ministry of Nature Protection Launch Environment Week], UNDP, July 6, The site has accumulated over 7.5 million tons of domestic waste over 50 years.

Waste Management, Inc - History
In the 1980s, Waste Management acquired Service Corporation of America (SCA) to become the largest waste hauler in the country.

Waste Management, Inc - USA Waste Services Inc
Rodney Proto then takes over CEO of the new Waste Management

Waste Management, Inc - Labor relations
Oakland's City Council reached a settlement with Waste Management over the dispute in March, 2008

Waste management in Switzerland - Recycling
The recycling rate for municipal solid waste in 'Switzerland' exceeds 50% [ Swiss Federal Office for the Environment Waste treatment processes: Recycling]

In ’801’285 tons of waste from households and small businesses was recycled and 2'680’359 tons of municipal waste was incinerated.[ Waste statistics for 2009][ Graph: Municipal Waste and Separately Collected Materials since 1983]

In Switzerland the following common household waste materials are recycled: aluminium and tin cans, old batteries, light bulbs, glass, paper, PET bottles, textiles, electrical and electronic equipment, and other

The seven Swiss recycling organisations: FERRO-Recycling (tin cans), IGORA (household aluminium), INOBAT (household batteries), PET-Recycling Switzerland (PET beverage bottles), the SENS Foundation (electrical and electronic equipment), TEXAID (textiles) and VetroSwiss (glass) are united in the umbrella organisation 'Swiss Recycling'.

This association exploits the communication synergies that exist between the individual recycling organisations by providing a common platform for disseminating information on the separate collection and appropriate recycling of materials. The association's independence and expertise make it a key contact for official bodies, politicians, retailers and schools throughout Switzerland on all issues relating to recycling.

Waste management in Switzerland - Individual recycling rates
The recycling rates of the individual recyclable materials reached in 2006 a mean of 76% of all currently recyclable items being recycled.[ Recycling rules and figures for 2006] This has narrowly surpassed the Swiss government's 75% target, meaning that for the time being there will be no introduction of a recycling tax on glass bottles and jars, nor on clothes and textiles, plastic bottles, home-use batteries, light bulbs or paperware and card.

Waste management in Switzerland - Waste incineration
Since the introduction of landfilling ban in Switzerland on 1. January 2000 all non recycled combustible waste must be incinerated. Switzerland disposes of 28 municipal solid waste incinerating facilities (April 2011).

Waste management in Switzerland - Waste incineration
[ Municipal solid waste incineration]

Waste management in Switzerland - MSW generation
In Switzerland in million tonnes of MSW were produced (694kg/cap/year) [ Waste Atlas](2012). Country Data: SWITZERLAND

Waste management in Switzerland - Household rubbish disposal
In many places in Switzerland, household rubbish disposal and collection is charged for

High-level radioactive waste management
'High-level radioactive waste management' concerns management and disposal of highly radioactive decay|radioactive materials created during production of nuclear power and nuclear weapons

Radioactive decay follows the half-life rule, which means that the rate of decay is inversely proportional to the duration of decay. In other words, the radiation from a long-lived isotope like iodine-129 will be much less intense than that of short-lived isotope like iodine-131.

Governments around the world are considering a range of waste management and disposal options, usually involving Deep geological repository|deep-geologic placement, although there has been limited progress toward implementing long-term waste management solutions. This is partly because the timeframes in question when dealing with radioactive waste range from 10,000 to millions of years, according to studies based on the effect of estimated radiation doses.

High-level radioactive waste management - Challenges with radioactive waste management
Hannes Alfvén, Nobel laureate in physics, described the as yet unsolved dilemma of high-level radioactive waste management: The problem is how to keep radioactive waste in storage until it decays after hundreds of thousands of years

Radioactive waste management is an example of policy analysis that requires special attention to ethical concerns, examined in the light of uncertainty and futurity: consideration of 'the impacts of practices and technologies on future generations'.Genevieve Fuji Johnson, [ Deliberative Democracy for the Future: The Case of Nuclear Waste Management in Canada], University of Toronto Press, 2008, p.9 ISBN

Parc Tecnològic del Vallès, Spain, for Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co

Researchers suggest that forecasts of health detriment for such long periods should be examined critically. Practical studies only consider up to 100 years as far as effective planning and cost evaluations are concerned. Long term behaviour of radioactive wastes remains a subject for ongoing research. Management strategies and implementation plans of several representative national governments are described below.

High-level radioactive waste management - Geologic disposal
It is widely accepted that spent nuclear fuel and high-level reprocessing and plutonium wastes require well-designed storage for periods ranging from tens of thousands to a million years, to minimize releases of the contained radioactivity into the environment

The process of selecting appropriate permanent repositories for high level waste and spent fuel is now under way in several countries with the first expected to be commissioned some time after 2017

Because some radioactive species have half-lives longer than one million years, even very low container leakage and radionuclide migration rates must be taken into account

The proposed land-based subductive waste disposal method would dispose of nuclear waste in a subduction zone accessed from land, and therefore is not prohibited by international agreement. This method has been described as a viable means of disposing of radioactive waste, and as a state-of-the-art nuclear waste disposal technology.

In nature, sixteen repositories were discovered at the Natural nuclear fission reactor|Oklo mine in Gabon where natural nuclear fission reactions took place 1.7 billion years ago

High-level radioactive waste management - Materials for geological disposal
In order to store the high level radioactive waste in long-term geological depositories, specific waste forms need to be used which will allow the radioactivity to decay away while the materials retain their integrity for thousands of years.Clark, S., Ewing, R. Panel 5 Report: Advanced Waste Forms. Basic Research Needs for Advanced Energy Systems 2006, 59–74. The materials being used can be broken down into a few classes: glass waste forms, ceramic waste forms, and nanostructured materials.

The Vitrification|glass forms include borosilicate glasses and phosphate glasses

The Ceramic engineering|ceramic waste forms offer higher waste loadings than the glass options because ceramics have crystalline structure

High-level radioactive waste management - National management plans
Finland, the United States and Sweden are the most advanced in developing a deep repository for high-level radioactive waste disposal. Countries vary in their plans on disposing used fuel directly or after reprocessing, with France and Japan having an extensive commitment to reprocessing. The country-specific status of high-level waste management plans are described below.

In many European countries (e.g., Britain, Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland) the risk or dose limit for a member of the public exposed to radiation from a future high-level nuclear waste facility is considerably more stringent than that suggested by the International Commission on Radiation Protection or proposed in the United States

The countries that have made the most progress towards a repository for high-level radioactive waste have typically started with public consultations and made voluntary siting a necessary condition

Moreover, NIMBY|most communities do not want to host a nuclear waste repository as they are concerned about their community becoming a de facto site for waste for thousands of years, the health and envionmental consequences of an accident, and lower property values.Benjamin K. Sovacool (2011). Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power: A Critical Global Assessment of Atomic Energy, World Scientific, p. 144.

High-level radioactive waste management - People's Republic of China
In the Peoples Republic of China, ten reactors provide about 2% of electricity and five more are under construction

High-level radioactive waste management - Republic of China
In the Republic of China, nuclear waste storage facility was built at the Southern tip of Orchid Island in Taitung County, offshore of Taiwan Island

High-level radioactive waste management - India
Sixteen nuclear reactors produce about 3% of India’s electricity, and seven more are under construction

High-level radioactive waste management - Japan
In 2000, a Specified Radioactive Waste Final Disposal Act called for creation of a new organization to manage high level radioactive waste, and later that year the Nuclear Waste Management Organization of Japan (NUMO) was established under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

High-level radioactive waste management - Japan
The head of the Science Council of Japan’s expert panel has said Japan's seismic conditions makes it difficult to predict ground conditions over the necessary 100,000 years, so it will be impossible to convince the public of the safety of deep geological disposal.

High-level radioactive waste management - Belgium
The Belgian URL is operated by the Euridice Groupement d'intérêt économique|Economic Interest Group, a joint organisation between SCK•CEN, the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre which initiated the research on waste disposal in Belgium in the 1970s and 1980s and ONDRAF|ONDRAF/NIRAS, the waste management authorities

High-level radioactive waste management - Finland
In 1983, the government decided to select a site for permanent repository by 2010

High-level radioactive waste management - Finland
Environmental assessment of four sites occurred in 1997–98, Posiva chose the Olkiluoto site near two existing reactors, and the local government approved it in 2000

High-level radioactive waste management - France
Disposal in deep geological formations is being studied by the French agency for radioactive waste management, L'Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs, in underground research labs.

High-level radioactive waste management - France
Three sites were identified for possible deep geologic disposal in clay near the border of Meuse and Haute-Marne, near Gard, and at Vienne. In 1998 the government approved the Meuse/Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory, a site near Meuse/Haute-Marne and dropped the others from further consideration. Legislation was proposed in 2006 to license a repository by 2015, with operations expected in 2025.

High-level radioactive waste management - Germany
Nuclear waste policy in Germany is in flux

Within days of the March 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, Chancellor Angela Merkel imposed a three-month moratorium on previously announced extensions for Germany's existing nuclear power plants, while shutting seven of the 17 reactors that had been operating since Protests continued and, on 29 May 2011, Merkel's government announced that it would close all of its nuclear power plants by 2022.

Meanwhile, electric utilities have been transporting spent fuel to interim storage facilities at Gorleben, Lubmin and Ahaus until temporary storage facilities can be built near reactor sites. Previously, spent fuel was sent to France or United Kingdom for reprocessing, but this practice was ended in July 2005.

High-level radioactive waste management - Russia
In Russia, the Ministry of Atomic Energy (Minatom) is responsible for 31 nuclear reactors which generate about 16% of its electricity. Minatom is also responsible for reprocessing and radioactive waste disposal, including over 25,000 tons of spent nuclear fuel in temporary storage in 2001.

Russia has a long history of reprocessing spent fuel for military purposes, and previously planned to reprocess imported spent fuel, possibly including some of the 33,000 metric tons of spent fuel accumulated at sites in other countries who received fuel from the U.S., which the U.S. originally pledged to take back, such as Brazil, the Czech Republic, India, Japan, Mexico, Slovenia, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the European Union.

An Environmental Protection Act in 1991 prohibited importing radioactive material for long-term storage or burial in Russia, but controversial legislation to allow imports for permanent storage was passed by the Russian Parliament and signed by President Putin in 2001

High-level radioactive waste management - Sweden
In Sweden, there are ten operating nuclear reactors that produce about 45% of its electricity. Two other reactors in Barsebäck were shut down in 1999 and When these reactors were built, it was expected their nuclear fuel would be reprocessed in a foreign country, and the reprocessing waste would not be returned to Sweden. Later, construction of a domestic reprocessing plant was contemplated, but has not been built.

Passage of the Stipulation Act of 1977 transferred responsibility for nuclear waste management from the government to the nuclear industry, requiring reactor operators to present an acceptable plan for waste management with “absolute safety” in order to obtain an operating license

The Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company

Conceptual design of a permanent repository was determined by 1983, calling for placement of copper-clad iron canisters in granite bedrock about 1,650 feet underground, below the water table in what is known as the KBS-3 method

High-level radioactive waste management - Switzerland
Switzerland has five nuclear reactors that provide about 43% of its electricity

High-level radioactive waste management - Switzerland
The Swiss program is considering options for the siting of a deep repository for high-level radioactive waste disposal, and for low intermediate level wastes. Construction of a repository is not foreseen until well into this century. Research on sedimentary rock (especially Opalinus Clay) is carried out at the Swiss Mont Terri rock laboratory; the Grimsel Test Site, an older facility in crystalline rock is also still active.

High-level radioactive waste management - United Kingdom
Great Britain has 19 operating reactors, producing about 20% of its electricity

High-level radioactive waste management - United Kingdom
In 1982 the Nuclear Industry Radioactive Waste Management Executive (NIREX) was established with responsibility for disposing of long-lived nuclear waste and in 2006 a Committee on Radioactive Waste Management (CoRWM) of the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs recommended geologic disposal 200–1,000 meters underground

High-level radioactive waste management - Canada
A national Nuclear Fuel Waste Act was enacted by the Canadian Parliament in 2002, requiring nuclear energy corporations to create a waste management organization to propose to the Government of Canada approaches for management of nuclear waste, and implementation of an approach subsequently selected by the government

High-level radioactive waste management - Canada
The resulting Nuclear Waste Management Organization (Canada)|Nuclear Waste Management Organization(NWMO) conducted an extensive three-year study and consultation with Canadians

High-level radioactive waste management - United States
The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 established a timetable and procedure for constructing a permanent, underground repository for high-level radioactive waste by the mid-1990s, and provided for some temporary storage of waste, including spent fuel from 104 civilian nuclear reactors that produce about 19.4% of electricity there

In a Presidential Memorandum dated January 29, 2010, President Obama established the Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future (the Commission)

; Recommendation #1: The United States should undertake an integrated nuclear waste management program that leads to the timely development of one or more permanent deep geological facilities for the safe disposal of spent fuel and high-level nuclear waste.

; Recommendation #2: A new, single-purpose organization is needed to develop and implement a focused, integrated program for the transportation, storage, and disposal 1 of nuclear waste in the United States.

; Recommendation #3: Assured access to the balance in the Nuclear Waste Fund (NWF) and to the revenues generated by annual nuclear waste fee payments from utility ratepayers is absolutely essential and must be provided to the new nuclear waste management organization.

; Recommendation #4: A new approach is needed to site and develop nuclear waste facilities in the United States in the future. We believe that these processes are most likely to succeed if they are:

* Adaptive—in the sense that process itself is flexible and produces decisions that are responsive to new information and new technical, social, or political developments.

* Consent-based—in the sense that affected communities have an opportunity to decide whether to accept facility siting decisions and retain significant local control.

* Transparent—in the sense that all stakeholders have an opportunity to understand key decisions and engage in the process in a meaningful way.

* Standards- and science-based—in the sense that the public can have confidence that all facilities meet rigorous, objective, and consistently-applied standards of safety and environmental protection.

* Governed by partnership arrangements or legally-enforceable agreements with host states, tribes and local communities.

; Recommendation #5: The current division of regulatory responsibilities for long-term repository performance between the NRC and the EPA is appropriate and should continue. The two agencies should develop new, site-independent safety standards in a formally coordinated joint process that actively engages and solicits input from all the relevant constituencies.

; Recommendation #6: The roles, responsibilities, and authorities of local, state, and tribal governments (with respect to facility siting and other aspects of nuclear waste disposal) must be an element of the negotiation between the federal government and the other affected units of government in establishing a disposal facility

; Recommendation #7: The Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board (NWTRB) should be retained as a valuable source of independent technical advice and review.

High-level radioactive waste management - International repository
Although Australia does not have any nuclear power reactors, Pangea Resources considered siting an international repository in the outback of South Australia or Western Australia in 1998, but this stimulated legislative opposition in both states and the Australian Senate|Australian national Senate during the following year

High-level radioactive waste management - International repository
In the EU, COVRA is negotiating a European-wide waste disposal system with single disposal sites that can be used by several EU-countries. This EU-wide storage possibility is being researched under the SAPIERR-2 program.

Index of waste management articles
Articles related to 'waste management' include:

Index of waste management articles - A
- Animal By-Products Order

- Construction (Design and Management)|Approved Code of Practice

- Policy Connect|Associate Parliamentary Sustainable Resource Group

- Automated Vacuum Collection

- Automotive shredder residue|Automotive Shredder Residue

Index of waste management articles - B
Best management practice for water pollution (BMP)

Index of waste management articles - C
- Chartered Institution of Wastes Management

Index of waste management articles - G
- Climate Justice Now!|Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives

Index of waste management articles - G
- Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority

Index of waste management articles - H
- Incineration|High Temperature Incineration

Index of waste management articles - H
- Civic amenity site|Household Waste Recycling Centre

Index of waste management articles - I
- Industrial Emissions Directive

Index of waste management articles - I
- Life Cycle Thinking|Integrated Product Policy

Index of waste management articles - N
- Nationally significant infrastructure projects|Nationally Significant Infrastructure Project

- Waste disposal authorities in London|North London Waste Authority

- Nuclear Waste Policy Act

Index of waste management articles - O
- Official Journal of the European Union

- Corrugated fiberboard|Old Corrugated Containers

- Ozone Depleting Substance

Index of waste management articles - P
- Pneumatic refuse conveying system

Index of waste management articles - Q
- Quasi Autonomous Non-Governmental Organisation

Index of waste management articles - R
- Waste hierarchy|Reduction

Index of waste management articles - S
- Refuse-derived fuel|Secondary Recovered Fuel

- Site Waste Management Plans Regulations 2008|Site Waste Management Plan

- South East London Combined Heat and Power

- Technical Guidance WM2|Stable Non-Reactive Hazardous Wastes

Index of waste management articles - T
- Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment)

Index of waste management articles - T
- Aerated static pile composting|Tunnel composting

Index of waste management articles - U
- Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion

Index of waste management articles - W
- Water pollution

History of waste management - Early history
Throughout most of history, the amount of waste generated by humans was insignificant due to low population density and low societal levels of the exploitation of natural resources. Common waste produced during modern times was mainly ashes and human biodegradable waste, and these were released back into the ground locally, with minimum environmental degradation|environmental impact. Tools made out of wood or metal were generally reused or passed down through the generations.

History of waste management - Modern era
It was important in facilitating a relatively smooth transition to an institutionalised, municipally-run solid waste management system in England.

In the mid-19th century, spurred by increasingly devastating cholera outbreaks and the emergence of a public health debate that the first consolidated legislation on the issue emerged

The environmental health officer|Nuisance Removal and Disease Prevention Act of 1846 began what was to be a steadily evolving process of the provision of regulated waste management in London

The dramatic increase in waste for disposal led to the creation of the first incineration plants, or, as they were then called, 'destructors'. In 1874, the first incinerator was built in Nottingham by Manlove, Alliott Co. Ltd. to the design of Albert Fryer. However, these were met with opposition on account of the large amounts of ash they produced and which wafted over the neighbouring areas.

Waste management in Bangladesh - Trend of urban waste creation in Bangladesh
Current (2012) waste generation in Bangladesh is around 22,4 million tonnes per year or 150 kg/cap/year.

There is an increasing rate of waste generation in Bangladesh and it is projected to reach 47, 064 tonnes per day by 2025

The total waste collection rate in major cities of Bangladesh such as Dhaka is only 37%. When waste is not properly collected, it will be illegally disposed of and this will pose serious environmental and health hazards to the Bangladeshis.

Waste management in Bangladesh - Waste mismanagement in Bangladesh
In a report on solid waste management in Asia, the data showed that, in Dhaka, only about 42% of generated waste is collected and dumped at landfill sites, and the rest are left uncollected

Waste management in Bangladesh - Waste mismanagement in Bangladesh
Due to the lack of funding, there are also insufficient subsidies put in place for the issue of waste management in Bangladesh. Hence, there are essentially no proper disposal facilities to cater to the rapid creation of waste.

Waste management in Bangladesh - Negative impacts of poor waste management
One of the most adverse impacts of poor waste management, especially municipal waste, is the incidence and prevalence of diseases such as malaria and respiratory problems, as well as other illnesses through the contamination of ground water

Waste management in Bangladesh - Current government efforts
However, currently, there are still insufficient incentives to improve the standard of waste management across all relevant sectors, especially for industrial waste and medical waste.

Environmental issues in Japan - Waste management
Japan as of now has taken a much more proactive approach to waste management

Environmental impact of the oil shale industry - Land use and waste management
Surface mining and in-situ processing requires extensive land use. Mining, processing and waste disposal require land to be withdrawn from traditional uses, and therefore should avoid high density population areas. Oil shale mining reduces the original ecosystem diversity with habitats supporting a variety of plants and animals. After mining the land has to be reclaimed. However, this process takes time and cannot necessarily re-establish the original biodiversity.

The impact of sub-surface mining on the surroundings will be less than for open pit mines. However, sub-surface mining may also cause subsidence of the surface due to the collapse of mined-out area and abandoned stone drifts.

Disposal of mining wastes, spent oil shale (including semi-coke) and combustion ashes needs additional land use. According to the study of the European Academies Science Advisory Council, after processing, the waste material occupies a greater volume than the material extracted, and therefore cannot be wholly disposed underground. According to this, production of a barrel of shale oil can generate up to 1.5tonnes of semi-coke, which may occupy up to 25% greater volume than the original shale.

This is not confirmed by the results of Estonia's oil shale industry. The mining and processing of about one billion tonnes of oil shale in Estonia has created about million tonnes of solid waste, of which 90million tonnes is a mining waste, 70–80million tonnes is a semi-coke, and 200million tonnes are combustion ashes.

The waste material may consist of several pollutants including sulfates, heavy metals, and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon|polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), some of which are Toxicity|toxic and carcinogenic.

To avoid contamination of the groundwater, the solid waste from the thermal treatment process is disposed in an open dump (landfill or heaps), not underground. As semi-coke consists of, in addition to minerals, up to 10% Organic compound|organics that may pose hazard to the environment owing to leaching of toxic compounds as well as to the possibility of self-ignition.

Metro Manila - Waste management
Metro Manila produces about 8,400 to 8,600 tons of garbage each day which is equivalent to 25% of the national waste generation

Waste disposal - Central principles of waste management
The waste hierarchy represents the progression of a product or material through the sequential stages of the pyramid of waste management

2

3. Resource efficiency - the current, global, economic growth and development can not be sustained with the current production and consumption patterns. Globally, we are extracting more resources to produce goods than the planet can replenish. Resource efficiency is the reduction of the environmental impact from the production and consumption of these goods, from final raw material extraction to last use and disposal. This process of resource efficiency can address sustainability.

Fish processing - Waste management
Waste produced during fish processing operations can be solid or liquid.

* Solid wastes: include skin, viscera, fish heads and carcasses (fish bones). Solid waste can be recycled in fish meal plants or it can be treated as municipal waste.FAO: [ Waste management of fish and fish products] Fisheries and aquaculture department, Rome. Updated 27 May Retrieved 15 March 2011.

The magnitude of waste management issues depends on how much waste volume there is, the nature of the pollutants it carries, the rate at which it is discharged and the capacity of the receiving environment to assimilate the pollutants

* Primary treatments: use physical methods such as flotation, screening, and sedimentation to remove oil and grease and other suspended solids.

* Secondary treatments: use biological and physicochemical means

National Environment Agency - Waste management
Since independence, Singapore's growing population and economy have resulted in a large increase in solid waste. In 1970, about 1,300 tonnes per day of solid waste were disposed of. This increased to 7000 tonnes per day by 2006, a 6-fold increase from 1970.

To address the solid waste problem, Singapore has put in place an integrated solid waste management system that ensures that all waste that are not recycled, are collected and disposed of safely at waste-to-energy incineration plants or at the offshore sanitary landfill (Semakau Landfill) in the case of non-incinerable waste.

As a result, overall recycling rate has increased from 40% in 2000 to 56% in Waste growth has also been curtailed. The total waste (domestic and non-domestic) disposed of in 2008 was 7,179 tonnes per day, an 6% reduction as compared to As a result, the lifespan of Semakau Landfill has increased from 25–30 years to 35–40 years.

To commemorate the 10th anniversary of Semakau Landfill— a unique sanitary landfill with rich biodiversity that has been lauded internationally as an engineering feat— NEA launched a commemorative book, entitled Habitats in Harmony: The Story of Semakau Landfill in August It provides an insight into the planning, design and construction of the world’s first-of-its-kind offshore landfill, as well as Singapore’s waste management strategies.

It also showcases the success of NEA in striking a harmonious balance between managing the country’s disposal needs and preserving the natural habitats on the landfill. More than 780 species of plants and animals can be found in five natural habitats of Semakau, namely: the mangroves, grasslands, seagrass meadows, inter-tidal reef flats and coral reefs.

Nashik - Solid Waste Management Project
In the entire Nashik Municipal Corporation area about 225 MT of solid waste is generated per day. Unlike other Indian cities, this garbage is collected by vehicles titled 'Ghantagadi' (meaning the vehicle with a bell); a system which has resulted into a 'garbage dump free' city. Smaller versions of the ghantagadi ply in the congested old city areas. A plant has been set by the Nashik Municipal Corporation near Pandav Leni (Pandavleni Caves) to process the garbage and convert into compost.

Albany, Georgia - Solid waste management
Albany is served by the Dougherty County Landfill located at 900 Gaissert Road, approximately southeast of the City of Albany.

Intensive pig farming - Waste management and public health concerns
Contaminants from animal wastes can enter the environment through pathways such as through leakage of poorly constructed manure lagoons or during major precipitation events resulting in either overflow of lagoons and runoff from recent applications of waste to farm fields, or atmospheric deposition followed by dry or wet fallout

Many contaminants are present in livestock wastes, including nutrients, pathogens, veterinary pharmaceuticals and naturally excreted hormones. Improper disposal of animal carcasses and abandoned livestock facilities can also contribute to water quality problems in surrounding areas of CAFOs.

Exposure to waterborne contaminants can result from both recreational use of affected surface water and from ingestion of drinking water derived from either contaminated surface water or ground water

At Varkensproefcentrum Sterksel in the Netherlands, a pig farm has been created that reuses its waste streams. CO² and ammonia from the pig manure are reused to grow algae which in turn are used to feed the pigs.[ Pig manure used to grow algae to feed pigs]

Another method to reduce the effect on the environment is to switch to other breeds of pig. The enviropig for example is a type of pig with the capability to digest plant phosphorus more efficiently than ordinary pigs.

Nutrient-rich runoff from CAFO's can also contribute to Algal blooms in rivers, lakes and seas. The 2009 HAB (harmful Algal Bloom) event off the coast of Brittany, France is attributed to runoff from an intensive pig farm.

Environment of Florida - Energy, water, and waste management
Florida ranks forty-fifth in total energy consumption per capita, despite the heavy reliance on air conditioners and pool pumps

There are two oil-producing areas in Florida

Production in the western panhandle began with the discovery of the Jay field in June 1970

It is believed that significant energy resources are located off of Florida's western coast in the Gulf of Mexico, but that region has been closed to exploration since 1981.

In July 2007, Florida Governor Charlie Crist announced plans to sign executive orders that would impose strict new air-pollution standards in the state, with aims to reduce Greenhouse gas|greenhouse-gas emissions by 80 percent of 1990 levels by Crist's orders would set new emissions targets for power companies, automobiles and trucks, and toughen conservation goals for state agencies and require state-owned vehicles to use alternative fuels.

Florida obtains much of its drinking water from the Floridan Aquifer and the Biscayne Aquifer, as well as from surface water from Lake Okeechobee and other lakes, but population increases have begun to strain available sources

Increasing landfill space is also an issue

GIFT City - Solid Waste Management
All waste will be automatically sucked through underground pipes at high speed of 90km/hr, and the same will be treated through Plasma technology.

Housefly - Potential in waste management
The ability of housefly larvae to feed and develop in a wide range of decaying organic matter is important for recycling of nutrients in nature. Research suggests that this adaptation may be exploited to combat ever-increasing amounts of waste. Housefly larvae can be mass-reared in a controlled manner in animal manure, thus reducing the bulk of waste and minimizing environmental risks of its disposal. Harvested maggots may be used as feed for animal nutrition.

Environment of Brazil - Waste management
In August 2010 the President signed the National Policy on Solid Waste (NPSW) which became the first national law to deal with waste management. However, various states and municipalities already had laws and regulations on the books concerning waste management. The law calls for the Ministry of the Environment to compile a National Plan on Solid Waste with a 20 year horizon to be updated every four years.

Environmental issues in Australia - Waste management
Sustainable waste management is significant problem in Australia, and serious issues include large quantities of e-waste and toxic waste going into landfill

Leafcutter ant - Waste management
Waste management is a key role for each colony's longevity

Leafcutter ant - Waste management
In addition to feeding the fungal garden with foraged food, mainly consisting of leaves, it is protected from Escovopsis by the antibiotic secretions of Actinobacteria' (genus Pseudonocardia). This mutualistic micro-organism lives in the metapleural glands of the ant.. Actinobacteria are responsible for producing the majority of the world's antibiotics today.

Acromyrmex - Waste management
Waste management is a key role for each colony's longevity

Environment of Russia - Waste management
tonnes of hazardous waste was generated in Russia in

Solan - Solid Waste Management
MC Solan has a well organised network of solid waste collection disposal. Waste is collected from 132 collection points with the help of 115 sanitation workers. Out of these 132 collection points, as many as 42 are the dumpers. The council has 2 placers and 1 tipper which is privately hired. It has 4 drivers. A total of 10 tons of solid waste is collected every day and transported to the waste recycling plant at Salogra. The plant is fully capable of meeting with the requirements of the town.

The waste recycling plant situated at Salogra is a unique thing in itself

There are a number of facilities here. There is a JCB, a plant processor, soil testing compost testing lab and an office.

Environment in Bristol - Waste management
Bristol households currently have a 240L black bin that is emptied every two weeks, but between January and April 2012 these will be replaced with 180L black bins.

*Black bin 180L - Sorted at Avonmouth into recyclables and non-recyclables; the latter are incinerated for energy. Emptied every two weeks.

Recycling banks normally include facilities for paper and card, glass, clothes, shoes, aluminium cans, plastic bottles and containers, plastic bags, books, mobile phones and cartons.

There are also two household recycling centres located at Avonmouth and St Phillips.

Natural resource and waste management in Tanzania
Tanzania, officially known as the United Republic of Tanzania, is a mid-sized country in southeastern Africa bordering the Indian Ocean

Land in Tanzania is a valuable resource
Natural resource and waste management in Tanzania - Land use and degradation Land in Tanzania is a valuable resource

Natural resource and waste management in Tanzania - Land use and degradation
Land degradation is one of the leading environmental problems resulting from a mostly agricultural nation

There are many economic benefits for raising livestock in developing countries

A different, possibly viable, solution has also been proposed: sustainable agriculture

Natural resource and waste management in Tanzania - Land degradation and effects on human health
While the increasing trend of exhausted land use has been shown to cause various environmental problems, physical human health issues can result as well

Natural resource and waste management in Tanzania - Management of toxic chemicals
Another growing problem in Tanzania stems from the mismanagement of chemical resources

The reasoning behind choosing miners as test subjects is clear
Natural resource and waste management in Tanzania - Management of toxic chemicals The reasoning behind choosing miners as test subjects is clear

In addition to testing for mercury contamination, studies have been conducted in Tanzania to test for levels of pesticides in the environment

While evidence from the previous case study does not indicate hazardous agricultural practices, a second study was conducted testing the toxicity of soil used in the farming of maize

Natural resource and waste management in Tanzania - Water management and sanitation
In addition to soil contamination and general land degradation, Tanzania has a long history of water mismanagement

Natural resource and waste management in Tanzania - Management of solid waste
However, there have been minimal efforts made to establish sustainable waste management procedures to accompany the long term increase

Natural resource and waste management in Tanzania - Management of solid waste
Although there are not many immediate health risks correlated with dumping solid wastes such as paper and plastic, there are potential hazards associated the improper disposal of medical and other toxic waste from hospitals.Mato, R.R.A.M and G.R

Natural resource and waste management in Tanzania - Resolving the issues and planning for the future
Though there are many problems plaguing Tanzania, there are also a large number of activist groups pursuing solutions

Additionally, progressive research is being conducted on converting solid waste into usable energy

An additional area of ongoing study is converting waste into plant nutrients by way of composting. In this way, not only will waste be reduced, but there is the added benefit of reducing the amount of chemical fertilizers necessary to grow crops. As a result, chemical toxicity of soil will also be reduced. Thus one program has the potential to address many of the waste management issues prevalent in Tanzania today.

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