1. UNITED STATES IMMIGRATION

2. Push-Pull Factors Push Factors Pull Factors
Push Factor-Pushes people out of their native land.
Population growth
Agricultural changes
Crop failures
Industrial Revolution
Religious and political turmoil
Pull Factors-Pull people toward a new land for the opportunities available.
Freedom
Economic opportunities
Abundant land

3. Irish Potato Famine

4. Waves of new immigrants changed American society.
Millions of Irish and German immigrants arrived between
The Irish came because of the potato crop failure-leading to wide-spread famine (starvation).
Many Irish flocked to cities such as New York, Boston and Philadelphia, while Germans migrated to farmland in the west.
Irish faced prejudice and discrimination because they were Catholic

5. CHINESE IMMIGRATON
Many Chinese immigrated to the United States during this economic boom to make money working to build the Transcontinental Railroad.

6. The Age of Reform
The birth of industrial society posed many new challenges for Americans. The mid 1800’s witnessed the birth of several major movements for social reform. A reform movement tries to make changes in society to correct social abuses and to improve living conditions. This was a result of the Second Great Awakening (a religious revival).

7. Temperance Movement
Alcohol abuse was widespread among men, women, and children. Reformers linked alcohol abuse to crime, the breakup of families, and mental illness.
In the late 1820s, the Temperance movement (a public campaign to end the sale or drinking of alcohol) was started.

8. Education Movement
In the mid-1800s the spirit of reform made its way to the classroom. At this time, few children attended school because of the cost.
Efforts to change this practice were led by Horace Mann, who would later receive the nickname “father of American public schools” . Mann believed everyone should have a free, fair, public education.
Reformers saw education as a way of solving some of the problems in society, such as poverty and crime.
“Education, then, beyond all other devices of human origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions of men-the balance-wheel of the social machinery”. – Horace Mann

9. Abolition Movement
Abolitionists were people who were opposed to slavery. In 1807 the Congress abolished the importation of slaves.
Abolitionists were now demanding a law to end slavery in the South.

10. William Lloyd Garrison was a vocal abolitionist and publisher of the newspaper The Liberator. He also formed the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833.

11. FREDERICK DOUGLASS
Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, lectured against slavery and quickly became a leader in the abolitionist movement. He also fought for women’s rights.

12. In 1847, he started his own antislavery newspaper, North Star.

13. Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad was an informal network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th century Black Slaves in the United States to escape to free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists who were sympathetic to their cause

16. Harriet Tubman was a runaway slave turned abolitionists, who helped hundreds of slaves escape along the underground railroad.

19. Uncle Tom’s Cabin Written by abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe
“So you are the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war.”
--Abraham Lincoln
Many people saw “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” as being one of the causes of the Civil War

20. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin opens on the Shelby plantation in Kentucky as two enslaved people, Tom and 4-year old Harry, are sold to pay Shelby family debts. Developing two plot lines, the story focuses on Tom, a strong, religious man living with his wife and 3 young children, and Eliza, Harry's mother.
When the novel begins, Eliza's husband George Harris, unaware of Harry's danger, has already escaped, planning to later purchase his family's freedom. To protect her son, Eliza runs away, making a dramatic escape over the frozen Ohio River with Harry in her arms. Eventually the Harris family is reunited and journeys north to Canada.
Tom protects his family by choosing not to run away so the others may stay together. Sold south, he meets Topsy, a young, black girl whose mischievous behavior hides her pain; Eva, the angelic, young, white girl whose death moved Victorians to tears; charming, elegant but passive St. Clare; and finally, cruel, violent Simon Legree. Tom's deep faith gives him an inner strength that frustrates his enemies as he moves toward his fate in Louisiana.
The novel ends when both Tom and Eliza escape slavery: Eliza and her family reach Canada; but Tom's freedom comes with death. Simon Legree, Tom's third and final master, has Tom whipped to death for refusing to deny his faith or betray the hiding place of two fugitive women.

21. Dorothea Dix
While teaching Sunday School at a women’s jail in Boston, Dix discovered women locked in filthy, cold cells….simply because they were mentally ill. Some were chained or beaten.
Dix pleaded with the Massachusetts Legislature to improve their care. Massachusetts eventually built 32 new hospitals.
She later traveled all over the U.S. on behalf of the mentally ill.

22. Prison Reform Reformers also tried to improve prisons.
They demanded children go to special jails.
They called for rehabilitation of adult prisoners.