1. Robert Greenwald, P.Eng, MBA February 26, 2004
Checking Your Energy Efficiency and Reducing Your Bottom Line
Energy Auditing
Robert Greenwald, P.Eng, MBA
February 26, 2004

2. Presentation Overview
Why an Energy Audit?
Types of Energy Audits
Planning Questions
The Energy Audit Process
Conducting an Energy Audit: 7 Steps
Examples of Energy Audits

3. Why An Energy Audit? Identify where energy is going
Identify savings opportunities
See how you compare
Build a business case for investment
Part of a comprehensive environmental program

4. Types of Energy Audits ASHRAE
Level 1 – Walk Through Assessment
Level 2 - Energy Survey and Analysis
Level 3 – Detailed Analysis of Capital Intensive Modifications
Natural Resources Canada Federal Buildings Initiative (FBI)
Yardstick Audit
Screening Audit
Walkthrough Audit
Engineering Audit

5. Planning Questions What are the desired outcomes (needs analysis)?
What data and support is available?
What level of funding is required?
Is the focus on “Buildings” or “Processes”?
What energy types/ fuels should be included?
What is the available budget?

6. The Energy Audit Process
Data Gathering
Utility Analysis
Inventory and Review of Equipment Performance
Measurements and Monitoring
Identify Potential Energy Conservation Measures
Analysis of Saving Potential
Financial Analysis
Reporting

7. Seven Steps to Energy and Cost Reduction
Understand the Cost of Energy
Compare Yourself
Understand When Energy is Used
Understand Where Energy is Used
Eliminate Waste
Maximize Efficiency
Optimize Energy Supply

8. Understand the Cost of Energy
Electricity
Demand ($/kW)
Energy ($/kWh)
Power Factor
Time of Use Rates
Natural Gas or Fuel
Cost per GJ, m3 or litre
Cost per equivalent kWh
Fixed vs. Variable Costs

9. Understand Demand Charges
Cost to Operate:
“Off Peak” Time approx $8
“On Peak” Time approx $330
50 kW heater for 5 hours

10. 2. Compare Yourself Internally Externally historical comparison
temporary metering & analysis
permanent metering
Externally
versus industry figures
other facilities in your area
other industry organizations

11. Monitoring and Targeting
Measuring energy consumption over time
Relating energy consumption to drivers
Setting targets for reduced consumption

12. Example: Fuel Use in a Hospital

13. 3. Understand When You Use Energy

14. Metering Leads to Opportunities
Excess overnight and weekend use identified
Confirm on / off schedules of systems
Identify peak demand control potential
Scheduling – reduce start-up peaks
Investigate off-production usage
Avoid infrequent demand peaks
Equipment loading – consider sequencing

15. Example: Office Building Peak at 7am

16. 4. Understand Where You Use Energy

17. Identify Largest Areas of Consumption

18. Electrical Load Inventory
Loads
Qty
Unit kW
Total
Diversity
Factor
Peak
Hours
kWh
Fluorescent F96 4
0.165
0.66 1
300
198
Incandescent 100 W 24
0.1
2.4
0.9
2.2
100
240
400 W MH Lights 21
0.465
9.765
9.8
420
4 101
Compressor (60 hp) 50
400
20 000
Pump (20 hp) 16
0.75 12
6 400
Microwave 2
Coffee Machine
1.5 3
200
600 83
77.7
31 541

19. 5. Eliminate Energy Waste
“Turn it off”
Lights, fans, pumps
Leaks (air, water)
Freezer/cooler air leakage
“Turn it down”
Temperature, water & air flow
Compressed air pressure & flow
“Control it”
Exhaust / make-up air balance

20. 6. Maximize Efficiency Maintenance / Low Cost Technology
Filters and lubrication
Clean heat exchangers
Motor conditions
Improve combustion efficiencies
Technology
Lighting Upgrades (LED, CFL, Fluorescent)
High efficiency equipment (boilers, motors, chillers)

21. Overall Approach: Match & Maximize
Match the Need
Reduce Losses

22. Lighting Systems Turn off washroom lights Use compact fluorescents
4-4’ lamps left on = $45+/year
200 cfm exhaust fan = $500+/year gas
Use compact fluorescents
10 x 60W -> 15W = $200/year
can payback on maintenance alone!
Use LED lamps in EXIT signs
10 signs = $165/year

23. Example: Lighting Audit of North Van School District
40 buildings with a total of 218,000 m2
Annual Electrical Savings of 2,400,000 kWh
Annual Cost Savings of approx $190,000
$1,600,000 capital investment
8.6 years simple payback
Reduction of over 100,000 kg CO2 equiv
Additional maintenance savings

24. HVAC Equipment Maintenance / Low Cost Measures
Night temperature setback
1°C = 3% of gas bill
Maintain air filters
Dirty filter + 25,000 cfm = 5 kW !
Boiler tune-ups
Average = 2.5% of gas bill

25. Process Equipment Reduce Waste Maximize Efficiency
Replace oversized equipment
Eliminate compressed air leaks
Shut off motors, conveyors, lighting when not in use
Improve combustion efficiencies
Maximize Efficiency
High efficiency motors
Look for variable speed applications

26. EE Motors - Watch the Speed!
EE Motors have higher efficiency
Typically 1 – 5% higher
Energy-efficient motors tend to have higher rated/operating speeds
1 to 3 % higher rated speeds
When driving a centrifugal load
1% speed increase = 3.5% power increase
Ooops! Did we save???

27. “Other” Equipment Turn off monitors Use insulated coffee carafes
10 units at night = $130+/year
Use insulated coffee carafes
Idling coffee maker = $55/year
… and often a fire hazard
Controls for pop coolers
Occupancy controls = $30+/year

28. 7. Optimize Energy Supply
Consider heat recovery
After minimizing consumption
Consider renewable energy
Solar water/air heating
Daylighting
Wind

29. Use an outside wall to heat make-up air!
Solar Air Heating
Use an outside wall to heat make-up air!

30. The Solar Wall TM

31. Examples of Energy Audits
Preliminary Audit
Chemical Lime, Langley
School District 34 (Abbotsford)
Walk Through Audit
BCIT
UVic
Engineering Audit
North Vancouver School District (42 Schools)
Bentall Centre, Tower 3

32. Thank You Robert Greenwald, P.Eng. Prism Engineering Ltd.
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