1. The IMPACTS project – Producing policy relevant science for abating the Acid rain problem
Rolf D. Vogt
University of Oslo
With slides borrowed from here and there…

2. The European starting point
: Large scale fish death reported in lakes and rivers in Norway and Sweden (fishkill episodes were reported in salmon rivers in Southern Norway already in )
1980s:
Severe dieback of forest were reported in central Europe
Explain forest death
Changes in soil quality 70
Western Germany

3. The UN ECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
Ratified in European countries, USA and Canada participated
United Nations Economic Commision for Europe
Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe
Provide Governments and subsidiary bodies under the LRTAP Convention with qualified scientific information to support the development and further evaluation of the international protocols on emission reductions negotiated within the Convention.
Monitoring programs under the Convention:
EMEP (Air and Precipitation)
UN-ICP-Waters
UN-ICP-Forest
UN-ICP-Integrated Monitoring

4. Emission reduction protocols developed as more knowledge was acquired from the monitoring programs
1985 Helsinki: Sulphur, flat percent reduction
1988 Sophia: NOx, flat percent reduction
1994 Oslo: Sulphur, effect based (critical loads)
1999 Gothenburg: Multi-pollutant Multi-effects:
Acidification
Eutrofication
Ozone
First generation 30%
Second generation
Third generation
Recipiant
EMEP monitoring program
ICP-Water monitoring program
ICP-Forest monitoring program

5. Declining Sulphur deposition
60 % reduction in emissions
40 – 80 % reduction in deposition
S-deposition in southern Norway
Transition to marked economy
55 % reduction between 1985 and 1994 in EU
Reduction in deposition vary between 40 and 80%

6. Extent of critical load Exceedance have decreased
(meq/m2/yr)

7. Acid Rain in China
(BP, 2004)
Data from 1990 to 2003 from (SEPA, 2004);
estimates from before 1990 from (Lefohn, et al., 1999)

8. “十五”末期（2005年）酸雨分布 Acid rain map by 2005
Yu Fang, 2007

9. 10年中国环境保护投资的变化趋势 Environmental Investment in China over the last 10 years
Yu Fang, 2007

10. 2004年大气污染经济损失 Air pollution cost of China in 2004
Yu Fang, 2007
National air pollution cost in is estimated to be about 220 billion yuan

11. Project reasoning What does China need
that Norwegians are especially good at?
Integrated environmental monitoring and research!
> 30 years of lessons learned
Last 16 years also in China
Opportunity of doing it right the first time around
Successful scientific interdisciplinary cooperation
Modelling
Multieffect studies
From science to policy (effect based emission reduction strategy)
The objective must be to provide something that….
Did a lot of things that in retrospect was useless
Play the leading role in International and European monitoring programmes
We are a small country with limited number of colleagues within our scientific discipline – learned to work interdisciplinary
So the objective has been to transfer this knowledge, experience and know-how

12. Differences China - Europe
Different deposition
Older soils
Different climate
Steep topography（地形）
Different biota
Existing knowledge need to be adapted to Chinese conditions
Need an integrated monitoring programme
In order to assess the effects of acid rain in China we need to adobt our knowledge of the system based on research in Europe and N-America to chinese conditions
Soils mainly of Kaolinitt

13. Integrated Monitoring（监测） Program on Acidification of Chinese Terrestrial（陆生） Systems
Norwegian Minister of Environment
Representatives from the Government
Colleagues
Thank you for giving me this opportunity to present to you our Sino-Norwegian bilateral project
Named IMPACTS which is an acronym for….

14. Aim and Approach 目标和手段
Transfer the Tools of the trade needed to improve the information basis for the Chinese authorities to prepare and implement a cost-efficient environmental policy 控制酸雨污染 的损益分析 on the reduction of the effects of acid rain
Conducting Critical Load 临界负荷 assessment adapted to Chinese environmental conditions
Need an integrated monitoring research programme 综合观测
Identify key processes controlling the composition of water when passing though acid sensitive watersheds 酸化机理
Adapt simulation and prediction models to Chinese environmental conditions
Establish dose-response relationships of the soils by use of habituated prediction models 建立符合中国的酸化临界模型
Identify acid sensitive species and key parameters explaining variation in vegetation 确立敏感物种
Assess potential ecological impact under different scenarios of acid rain deposition 建立酸沉降与环境的响应模式
Our Aim is to …..
And we seek to do this by ….
For that we …..
Which…..

15. Integrated Monitoring at 5 acid sensitive IMPACTS sites
雷公山
铁山坪
鹿冲关
蔡家塘
LGS, Guizhou
TSP, ChongQing
LCG, Guizhou
I will now show you some of the activities of the project:
.. within the acid rain control zone marked in red
Represent a gradient in ANC and CL of the deposition
Total deposition is often twice the size due to dry S deposition
In Birkenes the max was 2, now it is 0.4
CJT, Hunan
LXH, GuangDong
流溪河

16. Integrated monitoring

17. Sulfate and nitrogen deposition

18. Calcium deposition and pH

19. Major findings from IMPACTS 主要成果
Dry deposition larger than wet deposition 某些区域干沉降大于湿沉降

20. Major findings from IMPACTS 主要成果
Up to 50% forest defoliation observed
Both direct and indirect effects of acid rain on ecosystems must be considered

21. Major findings from IMPACTS 主要成果
Release of aluminium to potentially toxic levels 某些监测点土壤水铝的浓度达到危害临界
LGS
High aluminum mobilisation at more acidified site
Aluminum is potentially toxic
TSP

22. Major findings from IMPACTS 主要成果
Model predictions show up to 60% reduction in S deposition needed to avoid further acidification

23. Thank you for the attention!