1. Motivation
Motivation originated from the Latin root word movere which means to move
Motive may be defined as an inner state of one’s mind that activates and directs one’s behaviour. It makes us to act. It is always internal to us and is externalized via behaviour.
According to Fred Luthan, “Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activates behaviour or a drive that is aimed at a goal or incentive”.
According to Gray and Starke “The result of processes, internal or external to the individual, that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action” is called motivation
According to Robert Dubin “ Something that moves the person to action and continues him in the course of action already”

2. The nature of motivation emerges out as below
Motivation is internal to man
Motives may come and go not the same
Different motives may result in single behaviour
A single motive can lead to different behaviour
Environment plays a major role in motives.

3. Motivation is internal to man Motives may come and go not the same
It is internal to a man and it cannot be seen. It activates the man to move towards the goal.
Motives may come and go not the same
Motives can emerge and disappear. Motives emerged at a point of time will not remain with the same intensity at other point of time. The motives will not be same from the beginning towards the end.
Different motives may result in single behaviour
If an entrepreneur wants to starts a business, his behaviour may be caused by different motives, such achiever, and gain acceptance from similar group of persons, differentiate the status and so on.

4. A single motive can lead to different behaviour
A person with a single desire is like to earn prestige in the society will move towards to join politics, attain additional education and training and change his outward appearance.
Environment plays a major role in motives
The environment may either trigger or suppress our motives. i. e. motivation should be provided at the right place and time, where the motivation is applicable

5. Factors that Affect Motivation
INTERNAL FACTOR
It includes
Desire to do something new
Technical background
Educational Qualification
No. of years of experience
Occupational background

6. EXTERNAL FACTOR
Murthy classified motivating factors on different bases
Ambitious factors
Compelling factors
Facilitating factors

7. The entrepreneurs are motivated to start business mainly because of six factors.
They possessed technical knowledge in the same or related line.
They work in same line and have a It includes
Government support and assistance
Availability of labour and raw material
Encouragement from already established business house
Promising demand for the product

8. Achievement Motivation Training
Achievement plays an important role to a successful entrepreneur.
The need for achievement is the desire to do well. Hence there is the need for developing achievement motivation for developing entrepreneurship in an economy.
Hence there is the need for developing achievement motivation for developing entrepreneurship in an economy.

9. The following psychological factors contribute to entrepreneurial motivation.
Need For achievement through goal setting and inter personal support.
Like to take personal responsibility.
Interest in situation involving moderate risk.
Concrete measures of task performance.
Anticipation of future possibilities.
Organizational Skills.

10. The Kakinada Experiment
McClelland tried to induce achievement motivation in adults and provide them with an urge to improve that lot because un – induced achievement motivation results in along waiting before it bears fruit.
To overcome this he conducted an experiment among the group of businessman in America, Mexico and Mumbai.
He carried out a separate full – fledged training program in the Kakinada city of Andhra Pradesh. This training program is popularly known as Kakinada experiment.

11. The main objective of this experiment was to break the barrier of limited aspiration by inducing achievement motivation. A total of fifty two persons were selected from business and industrial community of the town.
They were given an orientation program at Small Industry Extension Training Institute (SIET), Hyderabad. The participants were grouped into three batches. They were put under training for three months. The achievement development course contained four main items.
The individuals strived to attain concrete and frequent feed back.
The participants watched those who have performed well and tried to emulate.

12. The participants thought of success and accordingly set plans and goals.
The participants are asked to talk and think to themselves in a positive manner.
After the training program the behaviour of the participants was observed after a period of two years. The observations were encouraging.
It was analysed that there was a greater different between those who participated and those who have not.

13. The Kakinada experiment is being utilized in a number of experiments that have recently initiated technical personnel to set up new enterprises of their own.
In Gujarat various state agencies have combined to operate an Entrepreneurship Development Program (EDP) to help young people acquire the motivation necessary to become risk taker.

14. Thematic Appreciation Test
In the Thematic Appreciation Test frustration cartoons are shown to the respondent.
The respondent is asked to interpret the situation with regards to a particular product, company or other business phenomenon
A cartoon showing a person arguing with the company person is shown to the respondent. The respondent is asked to give his version regarding the cartoon.

15. He/ she may say that “the lady is complaining against the faulty performance of the product” or he/she may say that “she is asking the salesman to give her one more packet after getting influenced by its performance and salesman’ appreciation for it.
With the knowledge of respondents view point regarding the product, the seller is able to programme his /her selling and promotional strategies.

16. Self rating
Self rating is to assist/ rate him where he stands and in what way or in what line they have to improve. This rating helps the entrepreneur to motivate his goal.

18. Business Game
It is defined as a sequential decision making exercise structured on a model of a business operation, in which the trainee assumes the role of managing the operation.
The primary objectives of these business games are to teach general management skills such as
Decision making setting priorities
Long range planning
Effective use of time
Personal and equipment

19. Modal of business game
It is one type of motivation techniques that are adopted to encourage and get an effective feed back from the workers.
The development process for the game is as follows
To out line the key issues that the game needed to illustrate
To develop a first version of the game
To play the game with group MIS personnel to allow refinements
To disseminate the game throughout the group

20. Overview of business game:

21. Stress Management Modern life is full of stress.
Stress on individual ranges from personal day to day life of their organizational activities.
People feel stress as they can no longer have complete control over what happens in life.

22. Therefore out attempt should be to understand stress, its causes and impact and adopting strategies for minimizing its impact.
The concept of stress is borrowed from the natural sciences. It was first introduced in the life sciences by Han’s Selye in 1936.
Different people have different views about stress, as different people experience it from a variety of source.

23. For example the air traffic controller sees it as a problem of alertness and concentration and the businessman views stress as frustration or emotional tension.
According to Selye stress is an adoptive response to the external situation that results in physical, psychological and /or behavioral deviation for organizational participants.

24. According to Beetu and Newman, stress is a condition arising from the interaction of people and their jobs and characterized by changes within people that force them to deviate from their normal functioning. This side of stress is called distress. This is also a positive side stress called eustress. Eustress refers to the healthy positive constructive outcome of stressful events and the stress response.

25. Symptoms of Stress Causes of Stress
Over stress will lead to the following causes
Causes of Stress
Nervousness & Tension
Emotional Stability
Excessive use of Alcohol (or) Drugs
Feeling of Inability
Un co – operative attitude
Sleeping problem
Chronic worry
Inability to relax
High blood pressure
Digestive problem

26. The stress related problems can be classified into three categories
Psychosomatic problems
Psychological problems
Behaviour problems

27. Psychosomatic problems
The word ‘psychosomatic’ combines the two words namely, ‘psycho’ which means mind and ‘soma’ which means body. The psychosomatic symptoms of stress are bodily of physically for which the causes are mental.

28. one person may suppress anger and may eventually develop depression, where as another may suppress anger and eventually develop migraine head aches.
Psychological Problems
The high level of stress may be accompanied by psychological reactions such as anger, anxiety, depression, nervousness, irritability, tension and boredom depending upon the nature of stress and the capacity of individual to bear stress.

29. Behavioral Problems
When the stress is at high level people show dysfunctional behaviour. Such behaviour may lead to alcoholism, drug addiction, increase in smoking, sleeplessness, under / overacting etc. In the extreme case it may result into suicide.

30. Coping Strategies for Stress
Any high level stress affects the individual directly through him / his family. Therefore, stress needs to be coped with to minimize its debilitating effects.
The various strategies to cope with the stress are
Individual level
Organizational level

31. Individual Level
The specific techniques that individuals can be use to effective cope their stresses are
Physical Exercise
Exercise of different forms such as jogging, walking, and swimming helps to over come stress.
Changing Gears
It involves shifting ones attention from main work to something else such as hobby. It also helps to remove one’s pressure from work.

32. Behavioral self– control
A conscious analysis of the causes and consequences of their own behaviour help managers controlling the situations instead of letting the situation control them.
Warming up one self:
A manger also needs to warm up before starting the work as the players do warm up before the start of a match. It prepares one for the tensions well have to encounter during the day.
Social support
Studies have suggested that social support moderates the effects of stress on personal well being. People give and receive different types of social support, such as money, material and emotional help.

33. Entrepreneurship Development Programme
Entrepreneurship Development has, become a matter of great importance in all developed and developing countries all over the world. The real problem is to develop entrepreneurship. Hence there arises a need for Entrepreneurship Development Programme.

34. Evaluation of EDP’s
Developing entrepreneurship has become a movement in India in the recent years. In 1969, India developed a strategy to promote industries in relatively backward states and districts.

35. EDP was initiated in 1970 under a sponsorship of a state financial cum promotional institution, the Gujarat Industrial and Investment Corporation.
The programme was run by GHC and its basic elements and its characteristics were crystallized through repeated experience experiments until 1987, with Gujarat’s financial institutions and industrial promotion agencies jointly sponsored a separate centre for entrepreneurship development to administer the programme.

36. 16 evaluation studies have been conducted by various organizations and individual researches. These studies vary in objectives, coverage and content, but one common thread in all of them is the assessment of effectiveness or impact of EDP’s however, loosely defined