1. China’s update and Approach
Ani Soetjipto

2. Chinese Foreign Policy from 40s – 2000’s
1.The Era of Maoist domination ( )
Determined by domestic factor, the primacy of politics, the weigh of the past and the importance of ideology
Why? The newness of china’s revolution and the role of mao
Mao strongly set the direction and content of china’s approach to its international environment
Theme of Foreign policy: anti America pro soviet; restoration of china primacy in asia, national unity, socialist revolution, export communist ideology
FP behavior: aliance with soviet ( ), provoke crisis in taiwan straits (58), independent from soviet 59-62, isolation and Cultural revolution 65-66

3. Chinese Foreign Policy from 40s – 2000’s
Domestic politics at that time: anti right campaign 57( hundred flower campaign),great leap forward 58-59, NEP 63-65, post great leap recovery years, pre recognition with the US in early 70’s
Second factor of domestic politics is the role of party and ideology. Mao’s thought of the correct revolutionary power– people power, three element’s games( the weaker must ally to the second strongest)
The third factor is the influence of the past. China economicay backward, suffered from western imperialism, it had history of asian suppremacy and political centrality. These elements of the past set post 49 goal; development; anti imperialist, national assertion

4. Chinese Foreign Policy from 40s – 2000’s
The 3 factors when combined explained most of the direction, timing and specify Beijing international orientation under Mao
During Mao period the foreign policy of the US and soviet are important that dominated the international system.
China policy during mao’s years moving from one extreme to the other extreme depend on calculation of the 3 factors. Tidak ada teman atau musuh yang abadi, yang ada adalah national interest. ( sangat realis)

5. Chinese Foreign Policy from 40s – 2000’s
2. Foreign Policy under Deng ( ): peace and security
Replacement of maoist radicalism by deng pragmatic moderation
China economic development are primacy to the beijing foreign policy behavior. China mixed economy, open door policy, foreign investmet, technology transfer, trade
International dimenstion of China FP- the change of china position within the strategic triangle. Policy implication: gradual political distancing to the US. Relations with washington complex and contradictory. Relation with soviet- sino soviet detente and reapproachment later
New policy of Independent foreign policy

6. Chinese Foreign Policy from 40s – 2000’s
The 2 nd determinant, is international system and its regional asian components
In order to modernize , china could have to become interdependence
Another global shift is military sphere. Deng place military modernization last among 4 modernization ( agriculture, industri, science and tech and military).
Relations between interest and power with changes in the latter as the driving elements. Diplomacy is important, negotiating capability, steermanship of the state through difficult international relations for advancing china natinal interest

7. Chinese Foreign Policy from 40s – 2000’s
The new lists of target shared by all. Develop the country as fast as possible, and secure international environment that are conducive to achieve this goal.
Its manifest in FP dynamic, participatory, non threatening, inclined toward maintaining status quo
Domestic consequence of Deng reform; gaining force rapidly in 88, burstling in 89, hit economic situation and political situation become out of control in 89 ( Tian an men)

8. Chinese Foreign Policy from 40s – 2000’s
3. Foreign policy post cold war ( /94)
Domestic factor ( Tian an men)
International factor ( downfall communism, post cold war international security and economic relations- Gulf War, dysfunctional of china FP)
Domestic modernization was not so smooth.. Need time for reformist to regain influence against opponent
Difficult time in foreign relations( embargo!. China try hard to make up and find solution in international fora through UN- step by step accomodation with as many states as possible, cautiosly reopening door to foreign investment, resolving trade dispute, positioning in regional and global affairs

9. Chinese Foreign Policy from 40s – 2000’s
Implication for China FP
Strategic triangle was replaced by with looser more informal set of arrangement among 5 power center ( north america, europe, russsia, china and japan).
Lesson learn for china:
Relations between modernization and revolution ( revolutionary modernizations) meant anti communist, democracy, marketization
Linkage economic and political revolution. Leninist central planning/ authoritarianism in efficient

10. Chinese Foreign Policy from 40s – 2000’s
3.Modernization can’t be stopped
4.Pace and form economic and political modernization connected to cultural traditon should be reconcile
5.Accelerated technological change
6.New issues need cooperation with non state actors ( lingkungan, energy, HAM etc

11. Chinese Foreign Policy from 40s – 2000’s
4 China FP strategy to 2020: Update 16 th party congress( 4th generation of leadership)
* china is emerging as major power ( economically and military), increasingly enmeshed with international system, peaceful external environment, challenge WTO, and new national security concern of new leaders and china’s place in Asia pacific region?
Jiang zemin conscios and consistently harkening deng theory and its pragmatic practice
International orientation ( one world, two system,economic and political multipolarity and peaceful coexistence. What does it means?

12. Chinese Foreign Policy from 40s – 2000’s
China’s new leaders will continue to integrate china to globalized world including on issues such as enviroment
It will remain attentive to a world that maintain different ideological system. China. Problem in korea still unressolved. How to recognized the differences while accomodating those difference within overal trends of peace and development
Foster economic and political multipolarity. World multipolarization and economic globalization’ ( lesson learn from gulf, kosovo wars,afganistan, iraq, september 11) The US want to dominance, shape and define international system

13. Chinese Foreign Policy from 40s – 2000’s
4. It will adress issue of military preparedness and military budget priority in the context where ‘ peace and development remain the theme of the era. ( bombing chinese embassy in belgrade need reassessment balance economic and military budget)
5. New world war unlikely, its important to bring fairly long period of peace in the world and support war against terrorism, strengthen international cooperation and address symptom and roots couses of terrorism

14. Chinese Foreign Policy from 40s – 2000’s
6. Ever sharpening competition, china must move forward or it will fall behind.
7.Bring in and go out as active participants in international economic and technological cooperation and competition. Reform and opening up make china powerful
8 rule by law and rule of law is vital to successful governance both at home and abroad. Used internatioal rule of law for china benefit and china also participate in make rule with its active participation

15. Chinese Foreign Policy from 40s – 2000’s
China’s emerging asia pacific role within global strategy
Japan: containment by guilt and consession by guilt
North and south korea: lips and teeth cooperations with pyongyang, playing north against south for china benefit. No intention to promote unification
Russia: interest to supply of energy from russia and post soviet countries. They drive wedges any potential russia- japan economic security cooperation. Russia regret for supplying china advance military technology

16. Chinese Foreign Policy from 40s – 2000’s
India pakistan: chinese new leaders not so familiar with either india or pakistan and never had direct experience with them. China continue to help secure pakistan against india( nuclear and technology assistance.it seek to limit US inroad to afganistan and other islamic world thru pakistan. China india stable. Economic relation limited
Asean: participate in and interact with regional organization ASEAN,APEC, SCO, SEA free trade area to isolate taiwan. Econ competition, shape international rule in favorable ways.

17. Competing theoretical perspective
Available IR theory:
Realism
Neo realism
Pluralism
Marxism/ globalism
Toward synthesis : available IR theory and alternative to china ( bifurcationist?)
Rejection of IR theory and find a china’s model? ( tension generalist vs specialist)