1. Operational Effectiveness Levels of current
Maritime Surveillance Systems
A primitive study towards picosatellites to support MIO
Lt Georgios Mantzouris GRC(N), Ph.D. Candidate
NMIOTC Transformation & Experimentation
&
Professor Nikitas Nikitakos
University of the Aegean

2. Aim
Perform a comparative analysis of current Maritime Surveillance Systems in use in order to:
Seek trends
Investigate effectiveness
Propose solutions in accordance with critical operational factors

3. General Facts Address Maritime Terrorism not only Piracy
Merchant Mariners want to know what happens in the area around the vessel
Complexity
Duplication of Effort
Money Consuming projects
Not solving the problem yet but…the technology exists

4. MARINE ELECTRONIC HIGHWAYS
Current Maritime Surveillance Systems
MARITIME SECURITY
LRIT
VTMIS
MARSUR
THETIS
SAFE SEA NET
CLEAN SEA NET
AIS
MARINE ELECTRONIC HIGHWAYS
Non Command & Control

5. Methodology on selection of evaluation criteria
Experts opinion (how many, where,…)
Consultation with stakeholders
(Maritime and naval authorities, mariners, maritime piracy and security companies)
Focus groups (SMEs)
Consultation on criteria (final elicitation …)

6. Pattern of Life – Track History
EXAMPLES
Operational Factors
Weight Scale
Impact
Levels
Coverage
0-6 3
Users
0-5 1
Surveillance
0-3 2
Space Capability
Security Classification
Robustness – Antijamming
0-1
Port Security
Acquisition Cost
0-4
User Friendly
Maintenance Cost
SAR Capability
0-2
Marine Traffic Support
Environmental Accidents
Piracy
WMD
Counter Terror Acts
Air Capability Connectivity
Ship to Ship Connectivity
Data Availability
MCCIS Synthesis Ability
Pattern of Life – Track History
WUVs Connectivity
Piracy
Weight Factor 3
Serious Impact
Weight Scale
Ranking No 1
Yes
Data Availability
Weight Factor
3 Serious Impact
Weight Scale
Ranking
none 1
Voice VHF – UHF 2
Data text 3
Data audio streaming 4
Data video streaming 5
Multichannel capability
Pattern of Life – Track History
Weight Factor
2 Medium Impact
Weight Scale
Ranking
none 1
1 day 2
15 days 3
1 month 4
2 months 5
6 months 6
Year

7. Multiplication Totals Marine Electronic Highways
Maritime Surveillance Systems
Overall Effectiveness Levels
System
Sum of all factors
Multiplication Totals
Total %
IDEAL SYSTEM 64
154
100
MARSUR 50
117
75,97
LRIT 42 97
62,98
Thetis 37 85
55,19
Clean Sea Net 36 84
54,54
Marine Electronic Highways 35 83
53,89
VTMIS 31 73
47,4
AIS 29 69
44,80519
Safe Sea Net 28 61
39,61
* Sorted from Higher to Lower

9. Multiplication Totals Marine Electronic Highways
Maritime Surveillance Systems
Operational Effectiveness Levels
System
Sum of all Factors
Multiplication Totals
Total %
IDEAL SYSTEM 47
120
100
MARSUR 42
107
89,16
LRIT 35 87
72,5
Thetis 29 75
62,5
Clean Sea Net 28 74
61,66
Marine Electronic Highways 31 78 65
VTMIS 27 66 55
AIS 18
39,16
Safe Sea Net 21 51
42,5
Without acquisition cost, maintenance cost, users, environmental accidents and user friendly

14. Overall Results Lack of conducting real time information exchange
The most effective system in operations can be the system with the least acquisition cost (e.g. AIS)
Not Duplicate Efforts - Interconnect existing Systems
Place surface ships to act as multi role stations – reach back
The effort is to detect vessels of less than 300 gross tonnage
IMO and Lloyds should enforce AIS data posting from all vessels in the maritime environment and outside territorial waters ?
In order to reduce acquisition and maintenance costs NATO must start using only one system in conjunction with AIS that is going to effectively give the capabilities of all the other systems

15. Leads us to the next proposal…
Overall Results
Incorporate space AIS in order to increase its coverage with very little impact to acquisition costs.
Promote the cooperation of Local, Regional and International Authorities in adopting a suitable surveillance system that would reduce piracy incidents
Use nano or picosatellites to feed back critical information to the mariners (incorporating AIS )
Leads us to the next proposal…

16. Pico Sat Proposal
Better with Less !
Use only picosatellites to reduce the available costs:
Cost Effective (8000 $ on orbit !)
Low Risk Assessment
High Operational Effectiveness
Mission Oriented satellites (Video, Real time support, Reachback)
Maximize coverage with the use of 4-6 picosatellites!!

17. PRESENTATION OUTLINE Picosatellite Concept
Tubesat – Interorbital Company
or Aerospace Corporation
Application space
0.2 kgr
PRESENTATION OUTLINE

18. Allocation of picosatellite orbits in the scenario
STK simulation
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Allocation of picosatellite orbits in the scenario
Pico MIO 2 passing over the area of MIO in the Somali Basin acquiring data from a boarding officer and send it back to a fusion Center in US

19. Total Coverage Time PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Use of four (4) or six (6) Tubesats
Adding two more satellites to the MIO testbed we increased the total daily time coverage by %
Approximately 1 hour and 20 minutes per day
PRESENTATION OUTLINE

20. Operational Gaps PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Operational Gap per day is 22,5 hours
Gap among passes
20 mph (regular merchant vessel speed)
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
3 hours availability through the day

21. Conclusions PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Six Picosatellites (38K €) in Polar orbit would provide effective communication window for boarding officer
One and a half hour availability of communication – enough for applying reachback methods
Field officers need this capability in order to enhance their mission success
Picosatellite based networking model contributes to the emerging concept of Space Operations to Counter Maritime Terrorism
PRESENTATION OUTLINE

22. Future Work – End Result
Launch / Use a picosatellite to evaluate the usability of real data
Execute Risk Assessment study on picosats to support the current maritime surveillance systems cadre
Conduct cost effectiveness analysis using simulation and real data info
Evaluate the use of networks / information exchange with the use of a picosatellite on a maritime interdiction operation
END RESULT
Support Maritime Security Operations with picosatellites in order to reduce the cost of using naval units to the maximum extent

23. very low cost applications Picosats is maybe one of the solutions
The future operations
must be effective with
very low cost applications
Picosats is maybe one of the solutions
QUESTIONS ?