1. Australia

2. Flag and National Symbols.
Physical Geography. Human Geography and Demographics.
The Ukrainian Diaspora in Australia.
History.
System of Government.
System of Education.
Public Holidays.

3. Flag and National Symbols
The flag includes the Southern Cross, Union Flag and Commonwealth Star.
The flag is a defaced Blue Ensign: a blue field with the Union Flag in the canton and a large white seven-pointed star known as the Commonwealth Star in the lower hoist quarter. The fly contains a representation of the Southern Cross constellation, made up of five white stars – one small five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars.
The Aboriginal Flag was designed by Harold Thomas, an artist and an Aboriginal, in The flag was designed to be a symbol for the Aboriginal people, their race and identity. The black represents the Aboriginal people, the red the earth and their spiritual relationship to the land, and the yellow the sun, the giver of life.
Coat of arms of Australia. Granted by King George V; an earlier design was granted by King Edward VII on 7 May 1908, and it continued to be used in some contexts, notably appearing on the sixpenny coin until 1966.

4. Australian National Colonial Flag Australian Federation Flag
The national flag is flown by the government and citizens of that country.
Australian National Colonial Flag
Australian Federation Flag
Anti-Transportation League Flag
Eureka Flag

5. Peter Dodds McCormick, composer of Advance Australia Fair
A national anthem (also "national hymn", "song" etc.) is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nation's government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people.
Peter Dodds McCormick, composer of Advance Australia Fair

6. extends for over 1,200 kilometres.
Physical Geography
There are no significant mountain ranges - the largest part of Austral is desert or semi-arid - 40 % of the land mass is cowered by sand dunes, about 3 million square kilometres. Only the SE and SW corners have a temperate climate and moderately fertile soil. The northern part of the country has a tropical climate: part is tropical rainforests, part grasslands, and part desert.
Uluru is the largest monolith in the world. It rises to 318m above the desert floor with a circumference of 8 km, It is considered one of the great wonders of the world. It is located in the Kata Tjuta National Park, which is owned and run by the local Aboriginals.
The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef, lies a short distance off the north-east coast and
extends for over 1,200 kilometres.

7. Northern Territory Queensland New South Wales Sydney Canberra Western
Human Geography and Demographics
Northern
Territory
Queensland
New South
Wales
Sydney
Canberra
Western
Australia
South
Australia
Australian
Capital Territory
Tasmania
Victoria

8. Canberra is Australia's capital city and largest island city (population 311,000). It is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory, with a population 339,000.
Parliament House
Government House (the official residence of the Governor-General)
the High Court of Australia

9. the Australian War Memorial
the National Gallery of Australia
the Australian War Memorial
Telstra Tower
the National Library of Australia

10. Sydney is the capital city of, the state of New South Wales and Australia's largest and oldest city, founded in With a metropolitan area population exceeding 4 million and a population of approximately 170,000 people in the city proper (known as the "city of Sydney"), the Sydney metropolis is the larger of the main financial, transport, trade and cultural centres of Australia
The city's most famous landmarks are Sydney Harbour Bridge and Sydney Opera House, both of which are located on Sydney Harbour.
Sydney features the largest natural harbour in the world, Port Jackson, and also enjoys more than 70 beaches, including the famous Bondi Beach.

11. The Ukrainian Diaspora in Australia
The Australian Ukrainian community was formed after the arrival of post-World War 2 refugees from Europe. These refugees were called Displaced Persons and began arriving in Prior to 1948 only a small number had arrived, and most of these were not nationally-aware individuals.
The most notable of these was Mikolo Miklouio-Maclay, a Ukrainian explorer, ethnographer and naturalist who first visited Australia in 1878, and was responsible for the building of a biological field station in NSW.

12. From the 1950's onwards, Ukrainians, despite being relatively poor and recent immigrants, built a network 'of churches, community centres, financial institutions and language schools throughout Australia. The dance ensembles regularly represent Ukrainians at many festivals and the choir performs a variety of songs at concerts.

13. History of Australia
20,000 years later, they were followed by the more slender-boned 'Gracile', the ancestors of the modern day Aborigines.
The first humans moved south 70,000 years ago from New Guinea. This humans were known as 'Robust' due to their heavy-boned physical form.

14. a) The Discovery of Australia and its Name
Australia is a name that comes from the Latin word australis, meaning southern. Perhaps its earliest form, Terra Australis, meaning South Land, referred to a supposed southern continent. It was used on several early maps, notably in the world chart of 1569 prepared by the Flemish geographer Mercator.
The Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandez de Quiros reached the New Hebrides in 1606 and gave the name Austrialia del Espiritu Santo (Southland of the Holy Spirit) to all of the southern regions as far as the South Pole.

15. From 1642, when the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted the coast of Tasmania, which he onsidered part of the southern continent, the continent became known as Nova Hollandia (New Holland).
Captain James Cook referred to the continent as New Holland, but in 1770 claimed the eastern coast in the name of New South Wales.
Lachlan Macquarie began using the name Australia in official correspondence after 1817 when he received Admiralty charts based on the work of Flinders. Macquarie had given official approval to a word that was already gaining in popular use. By 1824, the name Australia was in common use.

16. b) The Faundation of Modern Australia
The colony of New South Wales was established in Sydney by captain and governor Arthur Phillip on January 26, 1788 as a British Crown Colony. The date of arrival of the First Fleet later became the date of Australia Day. The Colony of Van Diemen's Land (i.e. the present day Tasmania) was founded in The rest the continent, that is Western Australia, was formally claimed by the United Kingdom in 1829.
During the period of , the six Crown Colonies each successively became self-governing colonies, which managed most of their own affairs.

17. On 1 January 1901, federation of the Colonies occurred and the Commonwealth of Australia was born, as a dominion of the British Empire. The Australian Capital Territory (ACT), centred on the new federal capital of Canberra, was separated from New South Wales in Although Australia had become independent, the British government retained some powers over Australia until the Statue of Westminster in 1931, and the authority of the United Kingdom Parliament was not completely severed until Indigenous Australians, Aborigines, were also generally denied both citizenship and the vote until the Constitution was altered by referendum in 1967.

18. с) Settlers and Convicts
A summary of Transportation in the form of a time-line is:
About 50,000 British criminals were transported to
colonies in America.
The American War of Independence ended transportation
from the UK.
British prisons and hulks began to over-flow.
The colony of New South Wales was proclaimed by King
George III.
23/01/1787 British parliament told that Lord Sydney, the British
Secretary of State after whom the city of Sydney is
named, had agreed to send convicts to New South Wales.

19. 13/05/1787 The 11 ships of the First Fleet left Portsmouth, England.
Different accounts give varying numbers of passengers but
the fleet consisted of at 1,350 of whom 780 were convicts
and 570 were freemen, women and children and the number
included four companies of marines. About 20 % of the
convicts women and the oldest convicts was 82.
18/01/1788 The fleet arrived in Botany Bay but the landing party was
not impressed with the site, and moved the fleet to Port
Jackson and settled in Sydney Cove on 26/01/1788.
First free settlers arrived.

20. Visitors to Australia as early a as noticed some characteristics of these Australians, “Tall, slender, strong ; and with a distinctive accent". It was also reported that an unusual amount off swearing coloured their conversations.
With the gold rushes of the 18850's the emerging national identity was stifled. A flood of new immigrants arrived, from places as diverse as USA and China, but they were mostly British and still considered Britain as home. But on the gold fields the belief that all men were equal was strengthened. On the gold fields your chances of finding gold was not determined on who you were - on the gold fields many poor people became rich.

21. In the 1860's and 1870's, naticional feeling was positively associated with the Bushrangers.
Most bushrangers were natives born or of Irish descent. Again the strong like of authority emerges. The bushrangers were admired because they defied authority and at times made them look stupid. They were held up as symbols against Britain and the government. They were also thought to be courageous and
patriotic. Bushrangers (right) as romanticised then as they are today.

22. In 1914 Britain declared war on Germany, and Australia for the first time fought with Britain as a nation. This evoked a sense of pride in all Australians. On the battlefields in Turkey and in France the Australian identity further emerged. Courage on the fields at Gallipoli, resourcefulness, fellowship, independence and egalitari-anism, the Australian soldiers were noted for not showing the British Officers the respect that the officers felt they should be treated with, this part due to the belief that "jack was as good as his master". The Australian soldier served Australia proudly and with their return to Australian shores came the recognition that Australia was at last a nation.

23. Between World War II and the late 1980s some 500,000 refugees and displaced persons arrived in Australia. In the late 1980s it was estimated that some 42 percent of the Australian population had been born overseas or had at least one overseas-born parent.

24. System of Government
The constitution of Australia may be described as a mixture of the constitutional forms of the United Kingtdom and the United States. Like the United
Kingdom, it is a monarchy, and the British king or queen is the king or queen of Australia. As in the United Kingdom, also, the governments of the Commonwealth of Australia and of the Australian states are chosen from the majority party in their parliaments.
Although the monarch of Britain is also the monarch of Australia, the country is essentially independent. The functions of the present queen have been regarded as almost entirely formal and decorative and, except when she is in Australia, are exercised by a governor-general who resides in Canberra and by the state governors.
By convention, the prime minister is the nation's chief executive, as in Britain.

25. Canberra is an exception to this, however
Canberra is an exception to this, however. It is unique in Australia in that it is governed not by a City Council, but a 17-member Legislative Assembly that performs all the functions normally done by both state governments and local governments. The Assembly governs the entire ACT, however, since virtually the entire ACTs population is based in Canberra, the terms ACT Government' and 'Canberra Government’ are largely interchangeable.

26. Australia is a true parliamentary democracy
Australia is a true parliamentary democracy. Both the federal upper house (the Senate with 76 Senators) and the lower house (the House of Representatives with 150 members) are directly elected by universal adult suffrage, with a minimum
voting age of 18. All state lower houses are similarly elected. Voting in both federal and state elections is compulsory (with the exception of election It Australia's Legislative Council).

27. System of Education
Basic literacy rates are high, and school attendance is compulsory throughout Australia between the ages of 6 and 15 years (16 years in Tasmania). Most children begin primary school at about 5 years of age. More than half of the secondary-school students remain until the end of year 12, and more than two-thirds remain until the end of year 11.
Almost three-quarters of Australian children attend free government schools; Uhe remainder attend fee-paying non-government schools monitored by government authorities.

28. Secondary-school curricula tend to focus on compulsory cores of traditional subjects coupled with a generous list of options or electives. Foreign languages have not been well represented, despite the continuous rhetoric about multiculturalism, and several ethnic groups have felt obliged to organize indpendent programs, although, in the late 1980s the federal government began promoting the teaching of Asian languages, especially Indonesian, Japanese, and Chinese. Other areas to be favoured are applied science and technology and computer literacy. Higher education is provided in self-governing universities and colleges of pllpr education. Some 650,000 students were enrolled in higher-education instotutions in 1998 with 147,130 international students coming to the country.

29. Public Holidays
Australia Day is celebrated as a national public holiday in Australia on January 26 each year. It commemorates the arrival of the First Fleet of immigrants under Arthur Phillip and the hoisting of the British flag at Sydney Cove in January 26 was first celebrated as a public holiday in 1833 and was called Anniversary Day or Foundation Day.

30. Christmas
As in most Christian countries, Christmas is the most important annual holiday, although in Australia and New Zealand, December comes during summer, just after the longest day of the year. Many people celebrate Christmas the 25th December by going on a picnic or having a barbeque the beach. Schoolchildren have a six-week summer holiday at Christmas time. Carolling takes place in many cities and towns. Popular Christmas foods combine both US and British favourites and so include turkey and plum pudding. Both Father Chtistmas and Santa Claus are popular symbols of gift giving in Australia and New Zealand.

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