1. HISTORY OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE FROM BRITISH CONTROL
LESSON #6

2. Who was Gandhi?

3. Mohandas Gandhi Born in India Married at age 13 Educated in Britain
as a lawyer
Failed in India
Moved to South Africa
(also owned by Britain)
He became quickly disgusted with mistreatment & prejudice of all non-whites
He fought prejudice with non-violence

4. Success in South Africa
Gandhi spent 21 years in South Africa
Developed non-violent non-cooperation
Attacked unjust laws by organizing mass protest
British police attacked him for not following the laws – beat him and jailed him
He never backed down from blows, which made the British look like bullies
Developed a HUGE following of Indians in South Africa suffering discrimination
Fully successful at unifying emotions

5. Quick Quiz
Gandhi was a mediocre student and a poor lawyer. What was his first real victory?
Where did Gandhi live for 21 years, developing his method of resistance?
Describe the style in which Gandhi protested.

6. Return to India
He won victories against British through non-violent non-cooperation in S. Africa
Returned to India in 1915
Considered a hero
Immediately sucked into “home rule” movement
Applied non-violent protest to forcing British to leave India
Became leader of the movement in 1920

7. The Mahatma First famous protest: Champaran (1918)
He demanded Indians be allowed to grow food crops
Insisted he be put in jail for his disturbing the peace
By being put in jail, he’s draw attention to unjust laws
He won concessions through non-violent non-cooperation
Became known as MAHATMA (“the Great Soul” of India)

8. Quick Quiz
Gandhi learned how do use non-violent protest to win battles against a much stronger enemy. What will be the new focus of this technique?
Why would Gandhi WANT to be thrown in jail?
What was the new nickname of Gandhi?

9. Amritsar Massacre (1919) General Dyer – demanded all protests end
Sikhs in Amritsar disobeyed law and met in peaceful protest
General Dyer arrived with troops
Blocked off exits
Open fired
Kept shooting until out of ammunition
Estimate: 1,500 – 2,000 slaughtered
AMRITSAR BECAME SYMBOLIC FOR HOW THE BRITISH HAD TO USE EXTREME VIOLENCE TO CONTROL THE MASSES
LED TO THE BRITISH LOOKING LIKE THUGS, AND THE INDIAN PROTESTORS LOOKING INNOCENT

10. The Salt March (1930) Non-violent, non-cooperation
Gandhi, now in 60s, led a march to the sea
12 miles/day
Goal: gather support to defy British taxing of salt
Gandhi claimed salt belonged to India
Symbolically beating the British
click
If any Indians fought back, Gandhi would go on a “hunger fast”
(stop eating)

11. Quick Quiz What did General Dyer do that was so repulsive?
How did salt symbolically represent protest?

12. Gandhi victorious At first, thousands are arrested
British soldiers violently try to stop collection of salt
Indians refused to fight back
This drew International attention
British were humiliated
Gandhi finally invited to Britain to discuss independence
Compromise: end non-violent protest in return for no more attacks

13. Next British Viceroy: change in policy
Gandhi thrown back in jail – released from jail right before WWII started
1939 – WWII broke out
Gandhi spoke out against British fighting
Gandhi thrown back in jail again
Gandhi is now 70

15. Quick Quiz What embarrassed the British into a compromise?
Why was Gandhi thrown in jail after WWII started?

16. Indian Independence Britain was exhausted from war
Fought against tyranny of Hitler
1947 – India won independence
Muslims had become powerful
Demanded an independent Pakistan
Mohammed Ali Jinna led the Muslim League
Millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan from new Independent India
Millions of Hindus moved to India from Pakistan

17. Civil War in the Infant India
1947 – Two nations formed 10,000,000 uprooted by partition civil war exploded 1 mil. Deaths in civil war Expulsions, riot, killings, refugees, racism Gandhi tried to stop fighting HUNGER FAST Kashmir still not settled

18. Quick Quiz
What are two reasons the British agreed to “free” India, to give it independence?
What did the Muslim majority demand of their own?
What did this religious conflict lead to?

19. The End of Gandhi
Age 75, tired and hungry from most recent hunger fast
Gandhi was heading to prayers
An assassin appeared
Shot him in chest 3x
Gandhi died shortly after

22. Quick Quiz
How did Gandhi die?
Why was his assassin so angry with him?

23. New India Parliamentary democracy Run by Jawaharlal Neru – 17 years
Goal: modernize India
Neru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi elected 1966
Goal: more modernization
Sikhs in Punjab demanded an independent nation
Hid in Golden Temple
Indira Gandhi had temple attacked
Her Sikh guards then murdered her

24. Modern India Rajiv Gandhi – son of Indira
Elected after she was assassinated
Youngest PM in India
He was assassinated 5 years later
Narendra Modi
Elected 2014

25. Quick Quiz Name the first three Prime Ministers of the Neru dynasty.
All three died in office. How did Indira and Rajiv die?
What did Indira do that angered the Sikhs?