1. Unit 3
Media and processes

2. Analyzing a work Have students analyze or even sketch the work shown.
What is there?
What is this image called?

3. Lesson 1 Drawing
Rembrandt Van Rijn Copy of Leondardo Da Vinci’s Last Supper Red Chalk on paper 14”x181/4”
This image although it is a “copy” is a great example how we can be inspired by other works of art.

4. What is a medium? What is an art process?
Medium: What we use to create an artwork (ex. Paint, pastel, pencil, etc.)
Process:
Process: The creative thoughts, materials, and techniques used to make a product (painting, drawing, sculpting)
Talk with the students about different processes can be taken to apply a medium. There are a number of ways we can use a specific medium but having an idea of what we want our end product to look is how we begin to decide how we want to use the media we choose.

5. Drawing
Drawing, simply put, is the result of a device running over a surface and leaving some trace of the gesture.

6. Apollo 11 Stones Namibia. 25,500–25,300 B.C.E. Charcoal on stone.
Here I discuss with students how humans have used drawings for a number of reasons throughout history. If you want to refer back to the five purposes of art that we discussed in Unit 1 this would be a great place for it. Although we do not have written record of what these artworks actually are depicting we can use context clues to help us better understand the work and the people who created it.
Apollo 11 Stones
Namibia.
25,500–25,300 B.C.E. Charcoal on stone.

7. Leonardo Da Vinci
I use Leonardo Da Vinci’s sketchbook as a way of guiding students into understanding why artists begin with sketching and drawing, explaining that although some artists are known for their painted works it usually began with a study through drawing.
Sketchbooks are a way in which artists can study a subject.

8. Drawing/ Dry Media Dry Media: * Pencil Charcoal Chalk Pastel
Wax Crayon
How does the element line and value effect a drawing?
The element value and line are two elements which are most commonly used when drawing. They allow us to depict the illusion of three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface.

9. Charcoal, pastel, and sanguine 307/8”x22 ½”
Here I talk to the students about how the elements and principles have an active role in rendering works realistically. Understanding how to use a medium is one of the first steps in bringing an artwork to life.
Claudio Brave
Package
1969
Charcoal, pastel, and sanguine
307/8”x22 ½”

10. Drawing/ Fluid Media The Primary Fluid media is ink * pen and/ brush
Quills
Stylus
Again referring back to Da Vinci I talk about the study of value with various media.

11. Drawing/ Fluid Media
Here I talk to students about the use of ink in Egyptian papyrus drawings and ancient Chinese Scrolls. In k has a history that stretches back thousands of years noting that some ancient peoples made ink from the dyes of plants, squid, and octopus.
The oldes known type of ink is India or China ink, which is used in calligraphy to this day. It is a solution of carbon black and water and is permanent and rich black in color.

12. Drawing/ Fluid Media
The oldest known type of ink is India or China ink, which is used in calligraphy to this day. It is a solution of carbon black and water and is permanent and rich black in color.

13. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo Hagar and Ishmael in the Wilderness Pen, Brush and brown ink, and wash, over sketch in black chalk

14. Lesson 2/ Painting
The liquid material that imparts color to a surface.
Painting, like drawing, has been around for thousands of years. Here I talk to students about cave paintings and other prehistoric works. How they give us insight to our past before a written language.
Great hall of the bulls
Lascaux, France
Original cave: c. 16, ,000 B.C.E., 11 feet 6 inches long

15. Highly popular from prehistoric times to its full flourishing during the Renaissance
Renaissance: A period spanning the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries C.E. in Europe. French for “rebirth” rejected medieval art and philosophy. First turned to Classical antiquity for inspiration and later developed patterns of art and philosophy that paved the way toward the modern world.
Fresco
Here I talk to students about the processes of Fresco and how artists working in a Buon fresco had to work quickly dur to the plaster being wet. Some portions of this method proved to be very difficult to work with because not all of the materials would bond and work together.
Giotto
Lamentation
1305
Fresco
7’7”x 7’9”

16. Encaustic One of the earliest methods of applying color to a surface
Consists of pigment in a wax vehicle that has been heated to a liquid state
“Ancient Egyptian art did not make much use of portraits, relying on an inscription containing the name and titles of an individual for identification. It was, however, important in Roman art. Portraits were placed in tombs as a memorial of family members.
This type of portrait appeared in Egypt in the first century C.E., and remained popular for around 200 years. Egyptian mummy portraits were placed on the outside of the cartonnage coffin over the head of the individual or were carefully wrapped into the mummy bandages. They were painted on a wooden board at a roughly lifelike scale. It is possible to date some mummies on the basis of the hairstyles, jewelry and clothes worn in the portrait, and to identify members of a family by their physical similarities.”
Mummy Portrait of a Woman
Mummy Portrait of a Man

17. Tempera Paint
 is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigments mixed with a water- soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other size).

18. Oil Paints…
Oil paint is a type of slow-drying paint consisting of small pigment particles suspended in a drying oil.
Here I show the kahn academy video and talk about how oil paint really changed paintings entirely referring to artists now being able to use this slow drying material for longer periods of time and blending colors and creating a greater sense of realism.
Heads up! The Birth of Venus is in this video

19. Oil Paint
I like to talk about how oil paint and its use changed throughout time. Some people like Da Vinci and David have created very realistic works that clearly identify their subject where others, such as Van Gogh, create more of an abstract style. I talk about the use of acrylic

20. Lesson 2/ Painting
The liquid material that imparts color to a surface.
Painting, like drawing, has been around for thousands of years. Here I talk to students about cave paintings and other prehistoric works. How they give us insight to our past before a written language.
Great hall of the bulls
Lascaux, France
Original cave: c. 16, ,000 B.C.E., 11 feet 6 inches long

21. Highly popular from prehistoric times to its full flourishing during the Renaissance
Renaissance: A period spanning the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries C.E. in Europe. French for “rebirth” rejected medieval art and philosophy. First turned to Classical antiquity for inspiration and later developed patterns of art and philosophy that paved the way toward the modern world.
Fresco
Here I talk to students about the processes of Fresco and how artists working in a Buon fresco had to work quickly dur to the plaster being wet. Some portions of this method proved to be very difficult to work with because not all of the materials would bond and work together.
Giotto
Lamentation
1305
Fresco
7’7”x 7’9”

22. Encaustic One of the earliest methods of applying color to a surface
Consists of pigment in a wax vehicle that has been heated to a liquid state
“Ancient Egyptian art did not make much use of portraits, relying on an inscription containing the name and titles of an individual for identification. It was, however, important in Roman art. Portraits were placed in tombs as a memorial of family members.
This type of portrait appeared in Egypt in the first century C.E., and remained popular for around 200 years. Egyptian mummy portraits were placed on the outside of the cartonnage coffin over the head of the individual or were carefully wrapped into the mummy bandages. They were painted on a wooden board at a roughly lifelike scale. It is possible to date some mummies on the basis of the hairstyles, jewelry and clothes worn in the portrait, and to identify members of a family by their physical similarities.”
Mummy Portrait of a Woman
Mummy Portrait of a Man

23. Tempera Paint
 is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigments mixed with a water- soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other size).
Tempera dates back to the Greeks and Romans and was the exclusive medium of many artists during the Middle ages, until the invention of oil paint in Northern Europe in the 1300s did it fall out of favor.

24. Oil Paints…
Oil paint is a type of slow-drying paint consisting of small pigment particles suspended in a drying oil.
Here I show the kahn academy video and talk about how oil paint really changed paintings entirely referring to artists now being able to use this slow drying material for longer periods of time and blending colors and creating a greater sense of realism.
Heads up! The Birth of Venus is in this video

25. Oil Paints
Here I have students look at a few artworks through from various periods talking about the versatility of oil paints as well as style change in the use of the medium, posing questions to the students such as why they think artists changed the wat in which they used the medium?

26. Formative
After we have gone through a few of the two dimensional media processes I like to assess the students in shading and coloring. I am having them create their name in Two point perspective as a fun practice of techniques.

27. A few Key Terms when painting
Gesso: A primer like material made of powdered chalk or plaster and animal glue that provide a smooth white surface on which an artist would apply color.
Glazing: The application of multiple layers of transparent films of paint to a surface.

28. 2-Dimensional Media Continued
Acrylic Paint
A mixture of pigment and a plastic vehicle that can be thinned (and washed off brushes and hands) with water
Pop Art: An art movement embraced in the early 1960s that depicted scenes from “popular” culture.
Acrylic is quite wide spread today in artwork especially in schools because of its easy method of being applied to a surface as well as its easy clean up. Pop Artist, David Hockney, uses the medium to create the sense of a snapshot on a poolside on a hot summer day. Here I have students notice the difference in this medium vs. oil. Ask them if there is any significant difference and if so do they think it is just due to style of the artist or the medium itself.
A Bigger Splash (1967) Tate Collection, London. David Hockney.

29. Printmaking
A design or image made in or on a surface by hitting or pressing with a tool transferring the image to paper or a similar material.
There are a number of different categories that fall under printmaking here are a few. Each process creates a slightly different effect.

30. Printmaking https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=zeu9ZzHNExQ
Relief Printing: image is carved with knives or gouges. Areas not meant to be printed are cut below the surface.
Woodcut: Oldest form or printmaking. Made by cutting along the grain of the flat surface of a wooden board with a knife.
Intaglio: Using metal plates into which lines have been incised. The plates are covered with ink, which is forced into the linear depressions and then the surface is carefully wiped.
Again referring back to the process

31. Mosaic
Mosaic is the art of creating a picture by assembling pieces of colored glasses, stones, and/ other materials.
These small pieces used to create the image are called tesserae.
Mosaic art dates back thousands of years but is noted for its importance in the interiors of cathedrals which depicted the life of Christ or the various events in the Bible.

32. Stained glass
Stained glass art uses assembled pieces of colored glass to create pictures.
The translucent glass pieces allow light to produce various color values to affect a glorious atmosphere. These pieces are assembled with strips of lead or iron placed in positions that will hold the glass pieces.
Historically subjects were usually religious personages and images complementing the teachings of the Church

33. Tapestry
Tapestries were the art forms of royalty, as tapestry artists were usually members of royal families who wove these from expensive silk and gold threads.
These were hung on walls of castles, palaces and cathedrals.
Produced by weaving two sets of interlaced threads on a vertical loom

34. Photography
A method of recording the image of an object through the action of light.
Here I talk to students about photography throughout time. Students tend to like this subject because all of them use this art form, I discuss how photography was not always seen as an art form per say but rather mocked by other artists. I also note photographers such as Nadar, known for his portraits, and Matthew Brady who (with the help of his staff) documented photos from the civil war.

35. 3/Dimensional art sculpture
the action or art of processing (as by carving, modeling, or welding) plastic or hard materials into works of art
Materials can include: clay, stone, wood, metal, etc.
One of the earliest known and found methods of art making.
We are going to dive into more of the history of art in this lesson.

36. Prehistoric Sculptures
Venus of Laussel
Prehistory: Period of time before written records.
People carved before they painted or designed dwellings. The earliest drawings were probably carved on rock or scratched in earth. Therefore, these drawings were as much indications of relief sculpture as of painting.
Artworks were thought to serve a ceremonial or narrative purpose.
Ask students why we have no proof of why these people created their work. I also like to discuss the functions of the artwork here. Noting that works created depended on materials and tools available, living situations (traveling vs. settling) and overall function and necessity of the work.
I talk about the two Venus figures present on the board. Both are very similar in their stylized form and many types of these figures have been found at various sites. Noting their significance to prehistoric cultures. Possible theories are symbols of fertility due to their stylized form.
Venus of Willendorf
11.1-centimetre high statuette of a female figure estimated to have been made between about 28,000 and 25,000 BCE

37. Egyptian
The pyramids, great monumental tombs of Giza, were built for the most powerful early rulers.
Placed in the temples and inside the burial chambers, statues were images of the rulers, the nobles, and the gods worshiped by the Egyptians.
Scenes carved in relief and painted in the tomb chambers or on temple walls described Egyptian life in all its variety
Egyptian sculptors made standing and seated figures in the round and in relief. Changes in style reveal changed circumstances.
Palette of King Narmer, from Hierakonpolis, Egypt, Predynastic, c B.C.E.,
King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen, 2490–2472 B.C.E., greywacke, x x 55.2 cm

38. Greek The human figure was the principal subject of all Greek art.
The most important function of Greek sculpture was to honor gods and goddesses.
Greek sculpture changed with Greek civilization. Sculptors described their figures in as natural and exact a way as possible
Contrapposto: an asymmetrical arrangement of the human figure in which the line of the arms and shoulders contrasts with while balancing those of the hips and legs.
Here I note similarities to the Egyptian work Menkaure and his queen and then noting the transition we see from the female Kore figure vs. the seated boxer, examining the realistic quality of the seated figure next o the standing. I discuss the term contrapposto or counter balance and how it was developed to create a more relaxed and realistic pose.

39. Rome
Romans imported examples of Greek art, ordered copies of famous Greek works, and commissioned Greek sculptors to do Roman subjects. (in other words they were copy cats)
Usually made multiple copies in cheaper materials

40. Early Christian, Romanesque, and gothic
Depicted biblical scenes.
Many reliefs used to serve religious purposes

41. Renaissance sculptures
Revived classical ideas in sculpture
Emphasis on glorifying the human form.
sculpture no longer ONLY dealt with idealized saints and angels; sculpted figures began to look more lifelike.
Wide use of contrapposto stance

42. Baroque New found styles for art of this time.
Focus on excitement and energy
Expressive human forms.

43. Neoclassical and Romantic sculptures
Return to classical styles
Figures posed to look naturalistic in style but later back to an expressive more dramatic quality
I like to discuss with students how art flip flops. We take ideas from the past and areas around us and try to imitate what they did to make our “own” . Students like to tie this to fashion usually we talk about fashions that have inspired the style now.

44. Modern and contemporary
Breaks with traditional styles of the past
Many works are expressive of new ideas or methods
Some larger than life sculptures to draw attention to the overall meaning or bring new meaning to everyday works.
Some created with materials not seen in as “fine art” materials before
To clump this into one little slide is difficult because there are so many movements that would act as a sub category to “modern and contemporary” however time does not allow for an in depth coverage.

45. Activity
Using the provided materials create a free standing sculpture. It must be school appropriate. Have fun and be unique.
As a little break in lecture place classes in groups of 2 to 3 and have students use random material (I use paper and tape) to create a “sculpture” they will then present their sculpture to the class. It is a fun activity and students usually enjoy the break. (plus it is cheap material and a quick artwork)

46. Architecture
The mother art is architecture. Without an architecture of our own we have no soul of our own civilization.
- Frank Lloyd Wright

47. What is architecture?
The art and science of designing buildings, bridges and other structures to help us meet our personal and communal needs.
Has a great impact on our daily lives.
Architecture is experienced from within as well as without and at great lengths.
Buildings have variety of interior spaces that must be planned
Here I talk about architecture through time, noting that for thousands of years we have been building shelters and fashioning them to our needs. I ask students how they feel like our needs changed or what we did to adapt our shelters to the materials we had present.

48. Architecture
People throughout time have built not only structures in which to live but also areas for religious practices.
Here I go into detail on people using materials that were available as a means of building structures.

49. Architecture
Post and lintel construction: two posts set upright as supports and a third beam placed across them creating an opening beneath.
I talk about early people and the thought that many structures served as a ceremonial purpose obviously noting Stonehenge and the layout which suggests a religious or astronomical purpose of being built.
Talk about stone as a primary building tool for many structures throughout time. People became masters at using this medium.
Post and lintel construction was and is widely used in the design of many structures such as the Parthenon which I note is one of the most studied buildings in the world. Constructed by the Greeks for the goddess Athena.

50. Architecture
Arches: Curved or pointed structure consisting of wedge-shaped blocks that span an open space and support the weight of material above by transferring the load outward and downward over two vertical supports. Vault: any series of arches other than an arcade used to create space. .

51. Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Gateway Arch, St. Louis, MO 1966

52. Groin Vault: A vault that is constructed by placing barrel vaults at right angles so that a square is covered.
Buttress: To support or prop up construction with a projecting structure, usually built of brick or stone; a massive masonry structure on the exterior wall of a building that presses inward and upward to hold the stone blocks of arches in place.
Pointed Arches: An arch that comes to a point rather than curving at the top.
Flying Buttress: A buttress that is exterior to a building but connected in a location that permits the buttress to support an interior vault.

53. Architecture
Domes: In architecture, a hemispherical structure that is round when viewed from beneath.
Pendentive: In architecture, a spherical triangle that fills the wall space between the four arches of a groin vault in order to provide a circular base on which a dome may rest.

54. I ask students to point out based on the notes they have take what kind of architecture they see in the images.

55. Architecture
Steel Cage Construction: A method of building that capitalizes on the strength of steel by piecing together slender steel beams to form the skeleton of a structure.
Pilasters: In architecture, a decorative element that recalls the shape of a structural pier. Pilasters are attached to the wall plane and project very little.

56. Research and writing time!
We have covered a large amount of terms while studying architecture.
1.) Choose a building term and research structures that would use this technique.
2.) Find information on the history of this building technique and write a short essay which describes your findings.
I like to use this as a nice research tool for students to dig up more information about some of the terms learned during the architecture portion of the lesson.

57. Graphic design Known to many as “communication” design.
The art and practice of planning and projecting ideas and experiences with visual and textual content.
For over a hundred years, designers have arranged type, form, and image on posters, advertisements, packages, and other printed matter, as well as information visualizations and graphics for newspapers and magazines.
Graphic design is a nice introduction into careers in the visual arts that students can relate to. I ask students

58. Careers in the visual arts
Throughout this unit we have looked at a variety of media and processes that exist in the visual arts.
Today you will research and study careers that are available in the visual arts.
Find one career that stands out to you and create a “business” for yourself in that field.
Give your business a name and create a logo that suits your career.
Give a description of the education that you would need to obtain this career and what your responsibilities would include in the field you chose.
You will present your findings to the class by making a poster with your information that includes images of your business name and logo as well as possible works that you would create.
This project is a fun way for students to research and discover fields that they may not have known existed in the visual arts or discover ways in which the visual arts are a part of another field. The next slide includes examples of logos.

59. Examples of logos