1. Non-renewable Energies
Oil, Gas & Coal

2. Major Sources of Energy
Solar Capital: Almost all of energy that heat the earth comes from the sun, without solar energy or solar capital the earth’s temperature would be -240 C.
Solar energy produces several other form of renewable energy such as wind, hydropower, and biomass.
Commercial energy: it comes from extracting and burning non-renewable energy resources mainly from carbon-containing fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal.
Net energy is the amount of high-quality usable energy available from a resource after the amount of energy needed to make it available is subtracted

3. Commercial energy
About 82% of the commercial energy comes from non-renewable energy resources, 76% from fossil fuels (33% oil, 22% coal, 21% natural gas) and 6% from nuclear power.
The remaining 18% comes from renewable energy resources (11% biomass, 4.5% hydropower, 2.5% geothermal, solar and wind)

4. Oil Oil is now the single largest commercial energy in the world
In 2007 the worlds three largest oil users were: The United States: Using 24% of all oil produced, China: 8% and Japan: 7%
OPEC is the main International oil organization composed of 13 countries which have at least 60% of oil reserves and 43% global oil production (2007)
Due to secrecy by countries, no one knows the real size of the world proven oil reserves. However, Saudi Arabia is believed to have the largest portion of crude oil reserves (25%) , followed by Canada (15%)

5. Oil
75% of the world oil reserves are controlled by government- owned companies. Thus, private sectors play the marginal role in this field.
The proven oil reserves has increased by 15% percent between 1996 – However global oil production has decreased since 2005 and led to oil price surge from 50$ to 140$
As unconventional resource it can be found in the form of oil sands and oil shales

6. Pros and Cons on Oil Price Surge
Some optimists believe the sharp rise of oil price will finally lead to the use of renewable energies which are more friendly environmental energies.
The pessimistic views say the rise of oil price will lead to sharp rise of oil- dependent products and foods, food production may become localized and it thus has a negative effect on global food trade, demand for air travelling and automobiles will decline.

7. Advantages of Conventional Oil Use
The enough supply for years
Low cost
High net energy yield
Easily transported within and between the countries
Low land use
The existence of well developed technology
Efficient distribution system

8. Disadvantages of Conventional Oil Use
Need to find substitutes within 50 years
Large government subsidies
Artificially low price encourages waste and discourages search for alternatives
Environmental costs not included in market price
Pollutes air when produced and burned
Releases CO2 when burned
Can cause water pollution

9. Natural Gas
The more friendly environmental energy in comparison with oil
Can be converted to LNG made for rapid and easy transportation.
LNG can be derived for the use in areas where the pipelines are not in access.
Russia (27%), Iran (15%) and Qatar (14%) are the biggest owners of natural gas reserves in the world.
U.S. has just 3% of gas reserve but uses about 27% of the world annual production.

10. Natural Gas
By 2025 the US will be the largest importer of LNG, however LNG has a low net energy yield compare to oil. Some believes it can not be an economical alternative for conventional Gas
Clean burning energy to run medium-size turbines that produce electricity.
As unconventional resource it can be found in methane hydrate and in coal beds

11. Advantages of Conventional Natural Gas
Sufficient supplies
High net energy yield
Low cost
Less air pollution than other fossil fuels
lower CO2 emission than other fossil fuels
Easily transportation by pipeline
Low land use
Good fuel for fuel-cells, gas turbine and motor vehicles

12. Disadvantages of Conventional Natural Gas
Non-renewable resource
Releases CO2 when burned
Government Subsidies
Environmental costs not included in market price
Methane ( a greenhouse gas) can leak from pipelines
Difficult to transfer from one country to another
Can be shipped across ocean only as highly explosive LNG

13. Coal
Comes in several forms and is burned mostly to produce electricity
2100 power plants in the world are using coal and generate 40% of world electricity.
U.S. has 25% world proven coal reserves, followed by Russia 15%, India 13%, China 13%, Australia 8% and South Africa 7%
China, U.S. and India are the three largest coal- burning countries in the world.

14. Coal In U.S., coal produces 49% of the electricity.
By 2025 China is expected to burn twice as much coal as U.S.
From 2006 to 2031, India's use of coal is projected to quadruple.
25% of world CO2 emission is resulted from coal- burning power plant and 40% such emission in U.S.

15. Advantages of Coal Ample supplies ( 225-900 years)
High net energy yield
Low cost
Well- developed technology
Air pollution can be reduced with improved technology

16. Disadvantages of Coal
Severe land disturbance, air pollution and water pollution
Severe threat to human health when burned
Environmental costs not included in market price
Large government subsidies
High CO2 emission when produced and burned
Radioactive particle and toxic mercury emission.

17. Renewable Energies

18. Advantages of Nuclear Energy
Large Fuel Supply
Low environmental impact ( without accidents)
Emits 1/6 as much CO2 as coal
Moderate land disruption and water pollution (without accidents)
Reasonable land use
Low risk of accident because of multiple safety system

19. Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy
Can not compete economically without huge government subsidies
Low net energy yield
High environmental impact ( with major accidents)
Environmental costs not included in market price
Risk of catastrophic accident
No widely acceptable solution for long-term storage of radioactive wastes

20. Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy
Subject to terrorist attacks
Spreads knowledge and technology for building nuclear weapons

21. Solar Energy Advantages: Disadvantages: Moderate net energy
Moderate environmental impact
No CO2 emission
Fast construction
Costs reduced by natural gas turbine backup
Disadvantages:
Low efficiency
High cost
Environmental cost not included in market price
Needs backup or storage system
Need access to sun most of the time
Vulnerability to sabotage
May disturb desert areas

22. Large- scale Hydropower
Advantages:
Moderate to high net energy
High efficiency (80%)
Large available potential
Low-cost electricity
Long life span
No CO2 emission
Flood control
Provide irrigation water
Create reservoir useful for fishing and recreation

23. Large- scale Hydropower
disadvantages:
High constriction costs
High environmental impact from flooding land to form reservoir
Environmental costs not included in market price
High CO2 emission in tropical reservoir
Danger of collapse
Uproots people
Decreases fish harvest and flow of natural fertilizers to land below dam

24. Wind power Advantages: Disadvantages:
Moderate to high net energy yield
High efficiency
Moderate capital cost
Low electricity cost
Very low environmental impact
No CO2 emission
Quick construction
Easily expanded and can be located at sea
Disadvantages:
Steady winds needed as well as backup system
Plastic components come from oil
Environmental cost not included in market price
High land use for land farm and visual and noise pollution

25. Energy efficiency
Improving energy efficiency can save the world at least a third of the energy it uses, and it can save the United States up to 43% of the energy it uses.
How can we cut energy waste? We have a variety of technologies for sharply increasing the energy efficiency of industrial operations, motor vehicles, appliances, and buildings.
Energy conservation is a decrease in energy use based on reducing unnecessary waste energy.
Energy efficiency is the best way to improve the energy conservation and is the measure of how much work could get from each unit of energy

26. Example for Energy efficiency in USA
Energy inputs:
Fossil fuels %
Nuclear %
Renewable %
Energy outputs:
Unavoidable energy waste %
Unnecessary energy waste %
Useful energy %
Unnecessary energy waste costs in US is an average of $ per minute

27. Reducing Energy Waste resulted:
Prolongs fossil fuel supplies
Reduces oil imports and improve energy security
Very high net energy yield
Low cost
Reduces pollution and environmental degradation
Buys time to phase in renewable energy
Creates local jobs

28. Transition to more sustainable energy
To improve energy efficiency
To use a mix of renewable energy resources
To include environmental costs in the market price of all energy resources