1. AP World History: 20th Century Genocide
Period 6: – 2015 CE
First they came for the Communists And I did not speak out Because I was not a Communist Then they came for the Socialists And I did not speak out Because I was not a Socialist Then they came for the trade unionists And I did not speak out Because I was not a trade unionist Then they came for the Jews And I did not speak out Because I was not a Jew Then they came for me And there was no one left To speak out for me
Pastor Martin Niemoller
Genocide is the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

2. The Armenian Genocide
1915, Turkey (under Ataturk) carried out a massacre of Armenians. By the early 1920s, some 1.5 million of 2 million Armenians were dead, with more forcibly removed from the country. Today the Turkish government does not acknowledge the enormity or scope of these events. It is still illegal in Turkey to talk about what happened to Armenians during this era.
Armenians are marched to a nearby prison in Mezireh by armed Turkish soldiers. Kharpert, Armenia. Ottoman Empire, April, 1915
Soldiers standing over skulls of victims from the Armenian village of Sheyxalan in the Mush valley, on the Caucasus front during the First World War.

3. The Holocaust
A) The Holocaust, 1941 – 1945, also known as the Shoah (Hebrew for “catastrophe”), was a genocide of million. 6 million killed were Jews, but the Nazis also killed Gypsies, mentally and physically disabled, communists, and homosexuals.  
B) The Holocaust did not begin as soon as the Nazis took power; rather, it was carried out in stages Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, began an anti-Semitic propaganda campaign Germany began a sterilization program of “inferiors” based on Social Darwinism and eugenics (300,000+ people were sterilized). The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 denied Jews basic rights. A network of concentration camps was established starting in 1933 and ghettos were established in also saw the beginning of “mercy killings” by doctors for the mentally or physically “feeble”. In 1941, specialized paramilitary units  conducted mass shootings. By the end of 1942, victims were being regularly transported by freight train to  extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, most were systematically killed in gas chambers.

4. The Holocaust Continued…
C) Armed resistance did occur. 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising , 20-30,000 poorly armed Jewish fighters held the SS at bay for four weeks. French Jews were also highly active in the French Resistance, which conducted a guerilla campaign against the Nazis and Vichy French authorities. In total, there were over a hundred armed Jewish uprisings.
Why did the uprisings largely fail?
Extremely limited resources
Weakened (physically AND mentally) and starved fighters
Difficulty coordinating
“The German authorities did everything to seal off the ghetto hermetically and not to allow in a single gram of food. A wall was put up around the ghetto on all sides that did not leave a single millimeter of open space.... They fixed barbed wire and broken glass to the top of the wall...” Emanuel Ringelblum quoted in Yad Vashem Documents on the Holocaust

5. The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943

6. The Holocaust Continued…
D) The Wannsee Conference: On January 20, 1942, 15 high-ranking Nazi Party and German government officials gathered in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee to coordinate the implementation of the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question." In Sept 1941, Hitler authorized the Reich Railroads to transport German, Austrian, and Czech Jews to locations in German-occupied Poland and the German-occupied Soviet Union, where German authorities would kill the overwhelming majority of them. Heydrich indicated that approximately 11,000,000 Jews in Europe would fall under the provisions of the "Final Solution.” *In the Nazis had considered a forced emigration of European Jews to African island of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean.

7. The Nazis and Eugenics
“Hitler and the Nazis… exterminated millions in his quest for a co-called "Master Race” of Aryans. But the concept of a white, blond-haired, blue-eyed master Nordic race didn't originate with Hitler. The idea was created in the United States, decades before Hitler came to power... Eugenics was the racist pseudoscience determined to wipe away all human beings deemed "unfit," preserving only those who conformed to a Nordic stereotype. Elements of the philosophy were enshrined as AMERICAN national policy by forced sterilization and segregation laws, as well as marriage restrictions, enacted in twenty-seven states… sterilizing some 60,000 Americans[mostly mentally and physically disabled, and African Americans]… Eugenics would have been so much bizarre parlor talk had it not been for extensive financing by corporate philanthropies, specifically the Carnegie Institution, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Harriman railroad fortune. They were all in league with some of America's most respected scientists hailing from such prestigious universities as Stamford, Yale, Harvard, and Princeton…”

8. Nazi Anti-Semitic Propaganda
“It is the absolute right of the State to supervise the formation of public opinion.” – Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Propaganda Minister

9. The Nuremberg Laws
The Nuremberg Laws excluded German Jews from Reich citizenship and prohibited them from marrying or having sexual relations with persons of "German or related blood.“ Above is an instructional chart issued to help bureaucrats distinguish Jews from Mischlinge (mixed race persons) and Aryans.

10. Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)
November 9-10, Anti-Jewish pogrom in Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland; 200 synagogues destroyed; 7,500 Jewish shops looted; 30,000 male Jews sent to concentration camps.

11. Is this similar to how Spartan children were raised?
The Hitler Youth
By 1941, all children age 10 or older were forced to join the Hitler Youth. Boys were trained to be soldiers for the Third Reich. Girls were taught that their purpose was to produce strong German boys to become Aryan soldiers.
Is this similar to how Spartan children were raised?

12. The Voyage of the St. Louis, 1939
“On May 13, 1939, the German transatlantic liner St. Louis sailed from Hamburg, Germany, for Havana, Cuba. On the voyage were 938 passengers, many who were Jews fleeing from the Third Reich. Most had applied for US visas and had planned to stay in Cuba only until they could enter the US. When the St. Louis arrived in Havana May 27, the Cuban government admitted 28 passengers, but refused to admit the remaining passengers or to allow them to disembark. The St. Louis then sailed to Miami. A government telegram stated that the passengers must "await their turns on the waiting list and qualify for and obtain immigration visas before they may be admissible into the United States." Quotas established in the US Immigration and Nationality Act of 1924 strictly limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted to the US each year… Following the US government's refusal to permit the passengers to disembark, the St. Louis sailed back to Europe on June 6, Jewish organizations negotiated with Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. Just over half, 278 survived the Holocaust. 254 died: 84 who had been in Belgium; 84 who had found refuge in Holland, and 86 who had been admitted to France.”

13. The Holocaust Continued…
Dachau was the first concentration camp created by the Nazis. Opened in March, 1933, it held gypsies, homosexuals, a-socials, and repeat criminal offenders, as well as Jewish prisoners.

15. Auschwitz, Poland

16. Shoes and Hair Collected from Auschwitz

17. Birkenau Incinerators

19. The Liberation of the Nazi Camps
“Soviet forces were the first to approach a major Nazi camp, reaching Majdanek, Poland, in July 1944… the Germans attempted to hide the evidence of mass murder by demolishing the camp. Camp staff set fire to the large crematorium used to burn bodies of murdered prisoners, but in the hasty evacuation the gas chambers were left standing. In the summer of 1944, the Soviets liberated Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka. The Germans had dismantled these camps in 1943, after most of the Jews of Poland had already been killed. The Soviets liberated Auschwitz, the largest killing center and concentration camp, in January The Nazis had forced the majority of Auschwitz prisoners to march westward (in what would become known as "death marches"), and Soviet soldiers found only several thousand emaciated prisoners alive when they entered the camp… They discovered hundreds of thousands of men's suits, more than 800,000 women's outfits, and more than 14,000 pounds of human hair. In the following months, the Soviets liberated additional camps in the Baltic states and in Poland. US forces liberated the Buchenwald on April 11, 1945 [the Americans and British continued to liberate other camps]… Only after the liberation of these camps was the full scope of Nazi horrors exposed to the world...”

20. Dr. Josef Mengele (1911 – 1979)
“In 1943, he was named SS garrison physician of Auschwitz. He was responsible for the selection of those “fit” to work and those for gassing. Mengele also carried out human experiments on camp inmates, especially twins… Mengele performed a broad range of agonizing and often lethal experiments with Jewish and Roma (“Gypsy”) twins, most of them children. Throughout his stay in Auschwitz, Mengele collected the eyes of his murdered victims... He himself also conducted several experiments in an attempt to unlock the secret of artificially changing eye color...”

21. The Holocaust Continued…
E) The Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949 to bring Nazi war criminals to justice. The defendants, who included Nazi Party officials and high-ranking military officers along with German industrialists, lawyers and doctors, were indicted on such charges as crimes against peace and crimes against humanity. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler ( ) committed suicide and was never brought to trial. The Nuremberg trials are now regarded as a milestone toward the establishment of a permanent international court, and a precedent for dealing with later instances of genocide and other crimes against humanity. HOWEVER…
At least 1,000 ex-Nazis were recruited by the American military, FBI and CIA to become Cold War spies and informants.
ERIC LICHTBLAUOCT. 26, 2014 NY Times

22. The Rape of Nanking (1937)
A) During the Sino-Japanese War, Nanking fell to Japanese forces. Japanese General Matsui Iwane ordered Nanking be destroyed. In what became known as the "Rape of Nanking”, the Japanese butchered an estimated 150,000 – 200,000 men, and raped at least 20,000 women and girls of all ages, many of whom were mutilated or killed in the process. B) In 1942 approximately 70,000 U.S. and Filipino prisoners are marched more than 60 miles with little food or water. Prisoners of war were beaten randomly and denied food and water for several days. Those who fell behind were executed through various means: shot, beheaded or bayonetted.5,000 to 11,000 died. Historians estimate between 20 and 30 million Chinese deaths at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army. (This is known as the Bataan Death March) The Rape of Nanking by Iris Chang
General Matsui Iwane

23. The Rape of Nanking Continued…
I had a big room with a double bed. I got two simple meals a day … I was forced to have sex with ten to twenty men a day. Sex was excruciating. Oh, you have no idea how painful it was. If I didn’t perform well, I would get beaten. Some of the men would be drunk and beat me anyway.
[Anonymous, quoted in George Hicks, The Comfort Women, New York, W. W. Norton & Co, 1995, 13.]
4 Japanese “Comfort Women”

24. The Rape of Nanking Continued…
C) General Matsui was found guilty of war crimes by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and executed.

25. Khmer Rouge in Cambodia
By April 1975, a Communist group known as the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, seized control of Cambodia. Between 1970 and 1973, during the Vietnam War, the US bombed much of the countryside of Cambodia and manipulated Cambodian politics to support the rise of pro-West Lon Nol as the leader of Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge used the United States’ actions to recruit followers and as an excuse for their brutal policies. The Khmer Rouge believed Cambodia had been tainted by exposure to Western ideas. The Khmer Rouge persecuted the educated, as well as Christians, Buddhists and Muslims. In an effort to create a society without competition, the Khmer Rouge placed people in collective living arrangements (communes) and enacted “re-education” programs. Over four years, the Khmer Rouge killed more than 1.7 million people through work, starvation and torture. The Khmer Rouge was removed from power when communist Vietnam invaded in January 1979 and established a pro-Vietnamese regime in Cambodia. Many survivors fled to refugee camps in Thailand; of these, many went on to immigrate to the United States.

26. Pol Pot
Cambodian Refugees
“I did not join the resistance movement to kill people, to kill the nation. Look at me now. Am I a savage person? My conscience is clear.” – Pol Pot

27. Bosnian Genocide
In April 1992, the government of the Yugoslav republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina declared its independence from Yugoslavia. Over the next several years, Bosnian Serb forces (commanded by Mladic and lead by Slobodan Milosevic), with the backing of the Serb-dominated Yugoslav army, targeted both Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) and Croatian civilians resulting in the deaths of some 100,000 people (80% Bosniak) by It was the worst act of genocide since the Nazi regime’s destruction of some 6 million European Jews during World War II.
On July 11, 1995, Bosnian Serb forces massacred 7-8,000 in Srebrenica, an area deemed a “safe haven” by the UN.
C) The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was formed at The Hague, Netherlands. Slobodan Milosevic was found dead in his prison cell in The court called the massacre at Srebrenica genocide and said that Serbia “could and should” have prevented it and punished those who committed it, it stopped short of declaring Serbia guilty of the genocide itself.

28. “For as long as multinational communities have existed, their weak point has always been the relations between different nations.” - Milosevic, leader of Serbian Forces during the Bosnian Genocide
Milosevic

29. The Rwandan Genocide
A) During Rwanda’s colonial period, the controlling Belgians labeled light skinned Rwandans as “Tutsis” and those with darker skin “Hutus”, and gave preferential treatment to the Tutsis. This lead to a long lasting resentment that grew even after the Belgians left Rwanda. B) From April to July 1994, members of the Hutu ethnic majority in the east-central African nation of Rwanda murdered as many as 800,000 people, mostly of the Tutsi minority. Ordinary citizens were incited by local officials and the Hutu Power government to take up arms against their neighbors. By the time the Tutsi-led Rwandese Patriotic Front gained control of the country through a military offensive in early July, hundreds of thousands of Rwandans were dead and many more displaced. The RPF victory created 2 million more refugees (mainly Hutus) from Rwanda. C) In October 1994, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), Tanzania, was established as an extension of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) at The Hague. In former generals were convicted for organizing the genocide.

30. “The diplomat who was president of the U. N
“The diplomat who was president of the U.N. Security Council in April 1994 apologized Wednesday for the council’s refusal to recognize that genocide was taking place in Rwanda and for doing nothing to halt the slaughter of more than 1 million people...”
The Japan Times “U.N. official apologizes for failure to recognize Rwanda genocide”, April 2014

31. Darfur
Civil war has existed between the northern and southern regions of Sudan for more than a decade. The northern region, with the capital of Khartoum, is mostly Muslim who are ethnically Arab, while groups of Christians and animists live in the south. The Khartoum government under General Omar al-Bashir wished to create a more Islamic-based government that was opposed by the southern groups and led to civil war. Not until 2005, with heavy international influence, did the Comprehensive Peace Agreement end the two-decade-long civil war that had resulted in more than 2 million deaths and 4 million displaced persons in the south. In the western region of Darfur, a rebel group sought to have the same benefits and attacked a government outpost in The government of Sudan reacted with crushing brutality. Although the Darfur region is predominantly Muslim, there were economic and tribal/ethnic differences in the region. Economically, the Arab groups had been nomadic herders while the African groups (such as the Fur, Maasalit and Zaghawa) were pastoralists. The Sudanese government exploited these differences by arming ethnic Arab militias “Janjaweed” to attack the ethnic Africans. The government attacked from the air, and then, the Janjaweed forces burned villages and poisoned wells. Nearly 400,000 people have been killed, women have been systematically raped and millions of people have been displaced as a result.

32. Darfur Continued…
Criminal proceedings have begun with the International Criminal Tribunal, and both the African Union and United Nations have sought to introduce forces to stop the violence and aid the internally displaced, as well as refugees who fled to Chad. In March 2009, the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir for directing the genocide, in addition to the outstanding warrants for former Sudanese Minister of State for the Interior Ahmad Harun and Janjaweed militia leader Ali Kushayb. Despite this progress, according to UN estimates, 2.7 million Darfuris remain in internally displaced persons camps and more than 4.7 million Darfuris rely on humanitarian aid. On July 9, 2011, South Sudan became the world’s newest country. While this is a major step toward ending the violence in Sudan, civilians across Sudan remain at risk. Systematic violence against the people of Darfur, as well as in the disputed Abyei area and Southern Kordofan, continues on a new political landscape altered by the independence of South Sudan.

34. HW Questions
Fill in your period 6 Chart for Genocides (Holocaust, Rape of Nanking, Armenian Genocide, Rwanda) **Add Khmer Rouge and Darfur.
What was the American connection to the Nazis? (In addition to this PPT, go back to the WWII PPT to reread “Who funded the Nazis?”. Are you surprised? Why or why not?
Go to (the Shoah project). Choose any video from the perspective of a Holocaust survivor. Briefly describe the survivor’s story AND your reaction to it. You may use another source, as long as it’s primary (an interview or autobiography).
Choose any additional primary source(s) from a survivor of the Armenian, Nanking, Cambodian, Rwandan, Bosnian, or Darfur genocide. Briefly describe the survivor’s story AND your reaction to it. Suggested sources:
4. Is there an explanation for past and present genocides? Is there a way to prevent future genocides? Explain your answer.

35. Key Vocabulary Janjaweed
Kristalnaught
Khmer Rouge
Milosevic
Mischlinge
Nuremburg Laws
Nuremburg Trials
Pol Pot
Rape of Nanking
Rwandan Genocide
Shoah
South Sudan
Srebrenica
St. Louis
Sudan
Tutsis
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
Armenian Genocide Auschwitz Bataan Death March Bosnia-Herzegovina Cambodia Concentration Camps Dachau Darfur Dr. Joseph Mengele Eugenics Final Solution Goebels Hitler Youth Holocaust Hutus