1. GRAMMAR
AN INTRODUCTION

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES BE ABLE TO DEFINE GRAMMAR
KNOW THE IMPORTANCE OF GRAMMAR
KNOW HOW GRAMMAR WORKS IN ENGLISH (BASICS)

3. GRAMMAR WORLD
CONSISTS OF –
WORDS
PHRASES
CLAUSES
SENTENCES

4. Grammar
is a way to describe the way a language’s sentences are constructed using words.
is a set of rules in a language which is used for forming/ changing words and sentences.
is the structure and system of a language usually considered to consist of syntax and morphology.

6. Importance of Correct Grammar
To communicate more effectively and precisely
To express meanings correctly
For improved understanding
To get the right impression for the right meaning

7. Grammar – the Creation of Language
Grammar is the guide to create words and sentences in all languages.
It enables and also restricts all aspects of language to grow in form and content – words and sentences.
Gives shape to ideas and emotions, to be expressed through sound and symbols.

8. Word Categories
part of speech
Verb – doing words
Noun – naming words
Adjective – noun describers
Adverb – verb describers
Pronoun – noun replacers
Preposition – directing linkages
Conjunction – joining linkages
Interjection - exclamations
Classification of all words into basic categories so that they are easily identified
Mainly 8 in English, know as Parts of Speech

10. Form & Functions of Words
Every word has a purpose in every sentence. This can be identified through the form of the word (which part of speech it belongs to or shape e.g. action, education, completion; credible, responsible, suitable, terrible ) and the function of the word (what place it has in the sentence)
In English the usual order of function of words is SUBJECT, PREDICATE and OBJECT, and sometimes as ADVERBIAL

11. Phrases
Groups of words within a sentence that have some kind of grammatical link between them.
If a group of words can be substituted with one word then it is evident that the particular group of words constitutes a phrase. e.g. [The children] should watch less television.
[They] should watch less television.

12. Phrase Types Phrase Type Head Example Noun Phrase Noun
[the children in class 5]
Verb Phrase
Verb
[play the piano]
Adjective Phrase
Adjective
[delighted to meet you]
Adverb Phrase
Adverb
[very quickly]
Prepositional Phrase
Preposition
[in the garden]

13. For convenience convenience
Phrase Type
Abbreviation
Noun Phrase NP
Verb Phrase VP
Adjective Phrase AP
Adverb Phrase
AdvP
Prepositional Phrase PP
For convenience, we will use the following abbreviations for the phrase types:

14. Noun Phrases (NP) Consists of head noun + modifiers
Modifiers include determiners and adjectives
NP = (DET) + (ADJ) + HN = PRO
e.g. The (DET) children (HN) should watch less television.
I like [the title of your book.]

15. Adjective Phrase (AP)
In an ADJECTIVE PHRASE (AP), the Head word is an adjective. e.g.
Susan is [AP clever] The doctor is [AP very late] My sister is [AP fond of animals]
The pre-Head string in an AP is most commonly an adverb phrase such as very or extremely. Adjective Heads may be followed by a post-Head string:
[AP happy (AdjH) to meet you (post headstring)] [AP ready (AdjH) to go (post headstring] [AP afraid (AdjH) of the dark (post headstring]

16. VERB PHRASE (VP)
Verb is the head word, others follow. VP = V + (NP) + (PP)
In a VERB PHRASE (VP), the Head is always a verb. The pre-Head string, if any, will be a `negative' word such as not [1] or never [2], or an adverb phrase [3]:
[1] [VP not compose an aria], [2] [VP never compose an aria], [3] Paul [VP deliberately broke the window]
Many verb Heads must be followed by a post-Head string:
My son [VP made a cake] -- (compare: *My son made),
We [VP keep pigeons] -- (compare: *We keep)
I [VP recommend the fish] -- (compare: *I recommend)

17. ADVERB PHRASE (AdvP)
In an ADVERB PHRASE, the Head word is an adverb. Most commonly, the pre-Head string is another adverb phrase:
He graduated [AdvP very recently]
She left [AdvP quite suddenly]
In AdvPs, there is usually no post-Head string, but here's a rare example:
[AdvP Unfortunately for him], his wife came home early

18. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
Prepositions usually consist of a Head -- a preposition -- and a post-Head string only. Here are some examples:
[PP through the window], [PP over the bar] [PP across the line]. [PP after midnight]
This makes PPs easy to recognise -- they nearly always begin with a preposition (the Head). A pre-Head string is rarely present, but here are some examples:
[PP straight through the window] [PP right over the bar] [PP just after midnight]

19. CLAUSES
Verb plays a central role in all clauses, thus obligatory or compulsory.
Seven basic clause types:
S+V He /cried.
S+V+O Viliame/ closed/ the gate.
S+V+C The lovo/ is/ ready.
S+V+A (c) Preetika/ lives/ in Nadi.
S+V+O+O Sam/ gave/ Susie/ a rose.
S+V+O+C Rita/ got/ her shoes/ very wet.
S+V+O+A Faizal/ put/ the paint/ on the floor .

20. Clauses
Main Clause – a complete unit on its own (a simple sentence). Eg. Hina is ready.
Subordinate Clause – a unit which cannot be on its own and need the support of another clause, such as a relative clause
(which is embedded into the main clause).
Eg. Hina ( who is wearing the pink blouse) is ready.

21. SENTENCES
Group of words that gives a complete and self-contained message.
Parts of the Sentence:
SUBJECT – what the sentence is about
PREDICATE – what is said about the subject, includes the object and complements and most importantly the verb!
ADVERBIAL – extra information which may not alter the meaning of the sentences, can change places in the sentence.

22. 4 types of sentences:
Simple
Compound
Complex
Compund-Complex

23. Jone waited for the bus. "Jone" = subject, "waited" = verb
Simple Sentences A simple sentence has the most basic elements that make it a sentence: a subject, a verb, and a completed thought.
Jone waited for the bus. "Jone" = subject, "waited" = verb
I looked for Mere and Suman at the bus stand. "I" = subject, "looked" = verb

24. Examples of simple sentences
Mere and Suman arrived at the bus station before noon and left on the bus before I arrived.
"Mere and Suman" = compound subject,
"arrived" and "left" = compound verb  
Importance of Correct Grammar

25. Simple Sentences The use of compound subjects, compound
verbs, prepositional phrases (such as "at
the bus stand"), and other elements help
lengthen simple sentences, but simple
sentences often are short.
The use of too many simple sentences can make writing "choppy" and can prevent the writing from flowing smoothly.  

26. Compound Sentences
A compound sentence refers to a sentence made up of two independent clauses (or complete sentences) connected to one another with a coordinating conjunction.
Coordinating conjunctions are easy to remember if you think of the words "FAN BOYS":

27. Coordinating Conjunctions
For
And
Nor
But Or
Yet So

28. Examples of compound sentences
1. Jone waited for the bus, but the bus was late.
2. I looked for Mere and Suman at the
bus stand, but they arrived at the stand
before noon and left on the bus before I
arrived.

29. Examples of compound sentences
3. Mere and Suman arrived at the bus
stand before noon, and they left on
the bus before I arrived.
4. Mere and Suman left on the bus
before I arrived, so I did not see them
at the bus stand.

30. Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are useful for connecting sentences.
While coordinating conjunctions can indicate some type of relationship between the two independent clauses in the sentence, they sometimes do not indicate much of a relationship.

31. Coordinating Conjunctions
The word "and," for example, only adds one independent clause to another, without indicating how the two parts of a sentence are logically related.
Too many compound sentences that use "and" can weaken writing.

32. Complex Sentences
A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses connected to it.
A dependent clause is similar to an independent clause, or complete sentence, but it lacks one of the elements that would make it a complete sentence. 
A complex sentence joins an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses

33. Examples of dependent Clauses
because Mere and Suman arrived at the bus stand before noon
while he waited at the bus stand
after they left on the bus

34. Dependent Clauses cannot stand alone as a sentence.
But they can be added to an independent clause to form a complex sentence.

35. begin with subordinating conjunctions
Dependent Clauses
begin with subordinating conjunctions

36. Examples of Subordinating Conjunction
as, because, before, even though, if
since, though, unless, until, when
whenever, whereas, wherever, while
after, although

37. Position of Dependent Clause
The dependent clauses can go first in the sentence, followed by the independent clause.

38. Example
Because Mere and Suman arrived at the bus stand before noon, I did not see them at the stand.
While he waited at the bus stand, Jone realized that the bus was late.
After they left on the bus, Mere and Suman realized that Jone was waiting at the mini bus stand.

39. Position of Dependent Clause
Conversely, the independent clauses can go first in the sentence, followed by the dependent clause, as in the following:

40. Example
I did not see them at the mini bus stand because Mere and Suman arrived at the bus stand before noon.
Jone realized that the bus was late while he waited at the mini bus stand.
Mere and Suman realized that Jone was waiting at the mini bus stand after they left on the bus.

41. Complex sentences
Complex sentences are often more effective than compound sentences because a complex sentence indicates clearer and more specific relationships between the main parts of the sentence.

42. Compound-Complex Sentences
A compound-complex sentence is made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Eg:
Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with.

43. Example The example has 2 independent clause and one dependent clause.
independent clause: "I haven't had the time to go lately"
independent clause: "I haven't found anyone to go with"
dependent clause: "Although I like to go camping... "

44. Compound-complex sentences
Compound-complex sentences are very common in English, but one mistake that students often make is to try to write them without having mastered the simple sentences, compound sentences, and complex sentences first.

45. More on Sentences Beginning Sentences with "And" or "Because"
Should you begin a sentence with "and" or "but" (or one of the other coordinating conjunctions)?
The short answer is "no." You should avoid beginning a sentence with "and," "or," "but," or the other coordinating conjunctions.

46. WHY?
Because these words generally are used to join together parts of a sentence, not to begin a new sentence.

47. More on Sentences Should you begin a sentence with "because"?
Perhaps some students are told not to begin a sentence with "because" to avoid sentence fragments
Example of Sentence Fragment
"Because Mere and Suman arrived at the bus stand before noon.”

48. More on Sentences
it is perfectly acceptable to begin a sentence with "because" as long as the sentence is complete as in:
"Because Mere and Suman arrived at the bus stand before noon, I did not see them at the bus stand."

49. Conclusion to Lecture
You will use all you have learned in your spoken and written English activities.
Attempt tutorial activities to practice more on sentence types.