1. From Republic to constitutional monarchy
( )
From Republic to constitutional monarchy

2. Charles I (1625-1649) Charles I succeeded his father James I in 1625.
As his father he ruled as an absolute monarch
He could not avoid direct confrontation with the Puritan party, who held a considerable majority in Parliament.
A. Van Dick, Equestrian Portrait of Charles I, , National Portrait Gallery, London

3. Who were the Puritans? The Puritans
were extreme Protestants within the Church of England;
thought the English Reformation had not done enough to reform the doctrines and structure of the Church;
wanted to purify their national Church by eliminating every trace of Catholic influence;
wanted a true balance of power between the king and the Parliament.

4. The Puritans: supported the Parliamentarian party;
believed that personal salvation depended on God;
regarded the Bible as a guide to life
Individual understanding God’s will reading the Bible
encouraged personal acts of mercy.

5. Why this Puritans’ appeal
Puritan austerity fitted in well with their life style based on work rather than pleasure, amusement banned because a waste of time
Predestination, to have God on one’s side meant success in one’s business
Individualism in commercial matters ( the basis of the Industrial Revolution of the second half of the 18th c.) corresponded to the Puritan belief in individual conscience

6. Puritan Ideology Dark clothes
Father head of the family, guide for spiritual welfare
Sunday devoted to God
No beauty in the Church
Priest free in their dresses, distinguished by the behaviour not by special clothes
Predestination( Calvinists) men born sinners, only GRACE could save man Through a holy life of hard work
Poverty regarded as SIN because the improvement of social status was considered a sign of God’s salvation

7. 3. The Civil War
CAUSES
Charles I believed he was king by divine right.
He had continuous clashes with Parliament.
He refused to give up the command of the armed forces in 1642.
The war broke out in 1642.

8. CONSEQUENCES The King was taken prisoner in 1647.
Oliver Cromwell took control of London.
He expelled or arrested more than 100 members of the House of Lords.
The remaining members voted for the execution of the King on 30th January 1649.
The monarchy was abolished and replaced by a republic, the Commonwealth.

9. The two factions THE ROYALISTS sided with the king;
let their hair grow long;
also known as ‘Cavaliers’
included the lords, the gentry and officials of the Church of England.

10. The two factions THE PARLAMENTARIANS supported Parliament;
considered long hair sinful and cut theirs short;
also called ‘Roundheads’;
included London, the ports, the Navy, the new gentry and small landowners, artisans and Puritans.

11. 4. Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) An East-Anglian gentleman farmer.
A brilliant leader in raising and training cavalry composed by brave Puritan soldiers.
Commander-in-chief of the army in 1649.
Appointed Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1653.

12. Followed a mercantilist policy and re-organised the Navy.
Passed the Navigation Acts in 1651 which stated that all English imports had to be carried in ships owned by England.

13. The Restoration of the monarchy
After Cromwell’s death in 1658, the Protectorate collapsed.
In 1660 Parliament invited Charles II ( ) to return from his exile in France.
The Restoration of the monarchy was greeted with relief by most Englishmen oppressed by the strict rules of the Puritans.

14. Charles II ( )
His court was the most immoral in English history.
London was struck by a bubonic plague in More than 100,000 people died.
The Great Fire destroyed most of the city of London in four days in 1666.
Puritans interpreted the two catastrophes as God’s punishment for the King’s immorality.

15. The Royal Society Founded in 1662 with King Charles II’s patronage;
its motto, nullius in verba – ‘nothing by words’ – was a direct challenge to the dependence on written authorities;
it became the centre of the development of the new philosophy and science.

16. James II ( )
Charles II’s brother, James II, succeeded him in 1685.
He had converted to Catholicism in His attempts to give civic equality to Roman Catholic and Protestant dissenters led to conflict with the Parliament.
In 1688 his second wife, Mary of Modena, gave birth to a son.
Fearing a Catholic succession, a group of Protestant nobles appealed to William of Orange, husband of James’s older and Protestant daughter Mary.

17. The Glorious Revolution
William of Orange landed with an army in Devon in 1688 and James II fled abroad.
Cooperation between Crown and Parliament became effective with the so-called Glorious Revolution.
Its name celebrates the bloodlessness of the event, which saw William of Orange and his wife Mary established as joint monarchs in 1689.

18. The Glorious Revolution
The reign of William III and Mary II was a time of economic progress for England.
London became the financial capital of the world.
The Bill of Rights of 1689 prevented the king from raising taxes or keeping an army without the agreement of Parliament.