1. Pure Substances and Mixtures
How can we separate components of mixtures into pure substances?

2. Pure Substances
Elements cannot be broken down chemically into anything else – they are pure substances.
Compounds can be broken down into their component elements, but are still considered pure substances.
Pure substances are homogeneous throughout
At a given temperature and pressure, pure substances have definite densities

3. Mixtures A mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances
Mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous
Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions.
Solutions can be composed of solids, liquids, or gases, or some combination of the three.

4. Solvents and Solutes The major component of a solution is the solvent.
The minor component(s) of a solution are solutes.
Examples:
Air: Solvent-N2 Solutes O2, Ar, H2O, CO2
Seawater
Solvent- water; Solutes: sodium chloride, oxygen, carbon dioxide, minor salts of Ca, Mg, K, Br, F, etc

5. Aqueous Solutions
Since 70% of our planet is covered with water, we usually talk about aqueous solutions more than any other type of solution.
Because it is asymmetrical, with highly polar bonds, water has the ability to dissolve many (but not all) ionic compounds.
Ionic bonds are disrupted by collisions with huge numbers of water molecules

7. Aqueous Solutions
Polar covalent compounds also dissolve well in water.
Polar covalent compounds contain electronegative elements (O, N, F, Cl) that create unequal charge distributions within molecules.
The term “like dissolves like” is often used to describe solubility.

8. Separating Components of Mixtures
The components of mixtures have differing physical and chemical properties.
Separating mixtures into pure components involves taking advantage of the physical differences between pure substances.

9. For example,
How would you separate the salt from sea water?
Water and sodium chloride have different types of bonding, and respond differently to heating.
Melting points, boiling points, solubility, magnetism – these are examples of physical properties that can be used to separate mixtures.
Separating two liquids: distillation
Separating two solids: smelting

10. Separating Mixtures
Generally, mixtures can be separated by non-chemical means such as filtration, heating, or centrifugation.

11. Lab 20 Separating Components of a Mixture
Purpose
To classify the components of a mixture and determine its % composition by mass.
Background
You will be given a mixture of three substances. Your teacher will give you some information about the composition of the mixture. Given a variety of equipment, you will determine the mass of each component and calculate its percentage.

12. Procedure
Make a list of each piece of equipment you use. Write a procedure and check with the teacher to see if it is valid. Draw a labeled diagram of any apparatus you use.
Data
Make a data table that includes the mass of any component or piece of lab equipment, if necessary.
Calculations
Show all calculations for the your percent composition of your mixture.
% composition by mass = mass of part__ x 100
mass of whole

14. Questions Define the following terms: a) element b) compound
c) homogeneous mixture
d) heterogeneous mixture
e) solution
Classify each component of your mixture as an element or a compound. Give a reason for each classification.

15. If all the students in the class received a sample of the same mixture, would each person (or team) obtain the same result for the percentage composition? Why?
If the purpose of the experiment was to determine the % composition of a compound, rather than a mixture, should each person (or team) obtain the same result for % composition? Why?

16. If the purpose of the experiment was to determine the % composition of a solution, should each person (or team) obtain the same result? Why?
Does your experiment use physical or chemical changes to separate components of the mixture? Explain.
There are a number of sources of error that are likely in this lab. These include deficiencies in your procedure, or problems inherent in separating mixtures.
Cite two examples of experimental error in your % composition determination.