1. The Generation of Electric Energy
Electricity: the energy carrier of the future
Boundary conditions:
Oil, gas, coal and uranium resources are limited
Ecological impact
Reliability of supply
Low prices
Electrical Power System Essentials

2. Fuel Mix Electrical Power System Essentials
Capacity [GW]
France
Netherlands
Germany
Austria
Switzerland
Italy
Hydro power
25.4 -
9.1
11.8
13.3
21.1
Nuclear power
63.2
0.5
20.3
3.2
Conventional thermal
24.8
19.3
70.4
6.3
0.3
66.2
Renewables
2.4
2.3
24.5
0.9
2.5
total
115.8
22.1
124.3
19.0
17.1
89.8
Installed generation capacity in some European countries in the year 2006
Electrical Power System Essentials

3. Thermal Power Plant (1) Electrical Power System Essentials
The Amercentrale in the Netherlands (Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.)
Electrical Power System Essentials

4. Thermal Power Plant (2) Electrical Power System Essentials
The principal components of a thermal power plant with the Rankine Cycle
Electrical Power System Essentials

5. The Principals of Thermodynamics (1)
dQ = dU + dW = dU + pdV
Q : The heat added to the system [J]
U : The internal energy [J]
W : The work done by the system [J]
P : The gas pressure [Pa]
V : The gas volume [m3]
Electrical Power System Essentials

6. The Principals of Thermodynamics (2)
pV-diagram of an ideal gas with two states (p1, V1) and (p2, V2)
Electrical Power System Essentials

7. The Principals of Thermodynamics (3)
Schematic representation of a heat engine working between a hot reservoir (T1) and a cold reservoir (T2)
Electrical Power System Essentials

8. The Principals of Thermodynamics (4)
The pV-diagram of the Carnot cycle
Electrical Power System Essentials

9. Thermal Power Plant (1) Electrical Power System Essentials
The principal components of a thermal power plant with the Rankine Cycle
Electrical Power System Essentials

10. Thermal Power Plant (2) Electrical Power System Essentials
The Rankine Cycle
Electrical Power System Essentials

11. Nuclear Power Plant (1) A typical fission reaction
Electrical Power System Essentials

12. Nuclear Power Plant (2) The Boiling Water Reactor
Electrical Power System Essentials

13. Nuclear Power Plant (3) The Pressurized Water Reactor
Electrical Power System Essentials

14. Nuclear Fusion A typical fusion reaction
Electrical Power System Essentials

15. Wind Energy Electrical Power System Essentials
Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.
Electrical Power System Essentials

16. Wind Turbines (1) The Danish wind turbine concept
Electrical Power System Essentials

17. Wind Turbines (2) Wind turbine with a doubly-fed induction generator
Electrical Power System Essentials

18. Wind Turbines (3) A direct drive wind turbine
Electrical Power System Essentials

19. Hydro Power
Electrical Power System Essentials

20. Water Turbines (1) The Kaplan Water Turbine
Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation GmbH & Co. KG
Electrical Power System Essentials

21. Water Turbines (2) The Francis Water Turbine
Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation GmbH & Co. KG
Electrical Power System Essentials

22. Water Turbines (3) The Pelton Wheel Turbine
Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation GmbH & Co. KG
Electrical Power System Essentials

23. Solar Power (1) Solar Power Tower Electrical Power System Essentials
Courtesy of DOE/NREL
Electrical Power System Essentials

24. Solar Power (2) Solar Panels Electrical Power System Essentials
Courtesy of DOE/NREL
Electrical Power System Essentials

25. Geothermal Power (1) Dry Steam Power Plant
Electrical Power System Essentials

26. Geothermal Power (2) Flash Steam Power Plant
Electrical Power System Essentials

27. Geothermal Power (3) Binary-Cycle Power Plant
Electrical Power System Essentials

28. The Synchronous Machine (1)
Electrical Power System Essentials

29. The Synchronous Machine (2)
Generator Types
Two-pole cylindrical rotor
Four-pole salient-pole rotor
Electrical Power System Essentials

30. The Synchronous Machine (3)
Equivalent Circuit
No power exchange with the grid
Electrical Power System Essentials

31. The Synchronous Machine (4)
Grid interaction
No power exchange
Generator injects power into the grid
Electrical Power System Essentials

32. The Synchronous Machine (5)
Equivalent Circuit
Generator injects power into the grid
Electrical Power System Essentials

33. The Infinite Bus (1)
Electrical Power System Essentials

34. The Infinite Bus (2)
Electrical Power System Essentials

35. The Synchronous Machine (6)
Generator Heating Limits
Electrical Power System Essentials

36. The Synchronous Machine (7)
Active power as a function of the power angle 
Electrical Power System Essentials

37. The Synchronous Machine (8)
Example of a Loading Capability Curve
Electrical Power System Essentials