1. Pan Africanism & the Back to Africa Movement

2. What is Pan Africanism?
Many movements exist within the framework or umbrella of Pan Africanism
A belief that Africans and African descendants share a common heritage, history, and destiny.
Blacks in Africa and America should live free of colonial rule and oppression
Started with the establishment of a church for freed men and women, an attempt to escape the discrimination and restrictions at white churches
By the late 19th century, Pan Africanism morphed into a call for Blacks to return to their ancestral birthplace (Africa) and “civilize” the native populations.
Some supporters of Pan Africanism believed that Blacks in America could never prosper alongside the white population, while others still advocated persistence and fighting for equality.
How do Jim Crow laws and white violence impact the development of the two different philosophies?

3. Life under Jim Crow
randolph.html (Watch Video)
Segregation of public spaces
Lynching and mob violence for petty offenses, or for no crime at all (Ku Klux Klan)
Terrorism used to keep African Americans from voting, not always the KKK, often local members of the town
No political or community representation
What stood out most in this video? Why?
How does what you witnessed affect Garvey or any leader’s ability to gain supporters?
What strategy or strategies might an individual or a group use to combat this type of oppression?
What does this flyer tell us about the impact or influence Jim Crow laws had on politics and everyday life?

4. Back to Africa Movement
Idea that African Americans in the United States would prosper better in Africa by reconnecting to their ancestry and heritage, away from Africa.
Read the handout and be ready to answer the following questions:
When did the movement begin?
How did the movement change over time?
What reasons did African Americans have for supporting the movement?
What was the overall philosophy or goal?

5. W.E.B. Dubois Scholar and African American activist
One of the founding members of the civil rights activists organization the Niagara Movement (Eventually merged with the NAACP)
Founding member of the NAACP
Supporter of the Pan African movement and liberation of Africa
from colonial rule.
Served as editor of Crisis Magazine (focused on race and African
American culture) 17 books published
Influential to future activist and made significant changes in America’s race relations
Believed in the power of education and that all people deserved equal access and opportunity. Believed in an integrated educational experience rooted in liberal arts.
Used protest and non-violent agitation to create social change
Believed in the “talented tenth”- black intellectual leaders of the population

6. National Association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP)
Dubois was a founding member alongside fellow college students and other young adults.
Other notable founders include:
Ida. B. Wells
Mary White Ovington
William English Walling
Oswald Garrison Villard
Lillian Wald
For more on the early years of the NAACP click here
Fought against racial discrimination and unconstitutional treatment through the justice system and non-violent protest. (sound familiar?)
NAACP Legal Defense Fund established in 1940 by Thurgood Marshall
Provides policymakers and members of congress with information about civil rights injustices and concerns.
Started with 60 members and presently have over 500,000
Has made significant strides and policy changes within the United States.
Helped establish federal anti-lynching laws
Fought against segregation, an effort that led to the decision in Brown v Board of Education (1954) which stated “separate but equal” to be unconstitutional.

7. Marcus Garvey
Jamaican born Black Nationalist and supporter of the Back to African Movement. Arrived in Harlem in 1916
Founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association
Larger than life figure, sometimes controversial
Believed African Americans and black people around the world would benefit from a separate nation.
Believed black and whites could not co-exist in harmony
Self-educated
Appealed to working class African Americans (Why?)
Inspired future Black Nationalists, Nation of Islam, and Rastafarian movement.
Marcus Garvey, [1924]

8. Universal Negro improvement association (UNIA)
Focused on racial pride and economic stability among the Black community.
Believed the Black population across the globe should come together under a separate nation and government.
Against assimilation/integration
Did not succeed in its goal of sending people to Africa
However, UNIA remains influential today to Black Nationalist organizations.

9. PAUSE…..
What are some similarities and differences between Dubois and Garvey? (education, background, philosophy)

10. Booker T. Washington
Born into slavery, after emancipation he put himself through school and became a teacher.
Activist, political advisor, and leader
Founded Tuskegee University in 1881
Sometimes encouraged the black population to stop pushing for voting rights and accept segregation in order to prosper economically and develop success within the black community separately.
Believed in a technical education that flourished separately from whites.
Believed economic opportunities mattered more for African Americans than an end to segregation.

11. Exit tICKET In at least three sentences answer the following question.
Why were organizations such as the NAACP and the UNIA founded? What purpose did each organization serve for the African American community?

12. Day 2 DEBATE ACTIVITY Debate Activity
Divide the classroom into 4 groups: 2 affirmative and 2 negative (one Washington, one Dubois)
Affirmative groups (both groups) = African Americans in America should support Garvey’s Back to Africa Movement
Negative group 1 = African Americans in America should not support Garvey’s movement and should follow the philosophy of Dubois
Negative group 2= African Americans in America should not support Garvey’s movement and should follow the philosophy of Washington
EACH GROUP IS USING RESEARCH TO SUPPORT EACH ARGUMENT, NOT OPINION BASED.
REFER TO OPPONENTS AS “MY FRIENDS”
EACH SIDE WILL MAKE 10 OR MORE KEY ARGUMENTS (BEACH BALL EFFECT)
NO ONE MAKES AN ARGUMENT TWICE IN A ROW ON THE SAME TEAM. EVERYONE MUST PARTICIPATE
ONE INDIVIDUAL FROM EACH TEAM WILL BE CALLED UPON TO MAKE AN INITIAL STATEMENT AND A SUMMATION AFTER RESEARCH TIME IS ALLOTED
THE INITIAL STATEMENT AND THE SUMMATION SHOULD SUMMARIZE/EXPLAIN EACH INDIVIDUAL’S PHILOSOPHY IN A FEW SENTENCES.
EACH GROUP WILL SERVE AS AN EVALUATOR OF THE OTHER GROUP’S ARGUMENT AND USE OF EVIDENCE. PAY ATTENTION!
BE RESPECTFUL

13. HOW DO I WIN THIS DEBATE? Arguments are backed by research not opinion
Being respectful to opponents
Make counter arguments Ex: My friend from the other team pointed out… however….
New arguments are presented each time
Summary and initial statement cover main points
Fill out your debate worksheet

14. Investigative Questions
How did Washington, Garvey, and Dubois address challenges faced by African Americans?
Why would these movements have attracted different followings in in African American communities across the country?