1. Population resource relationship
GEO 502 Introduction to Human Geography
Population resource relationship
Week 7-8
Dr. Mukesh Verma
Department of Geography
FNU LTKA

2. Resources
Resources are the foundation of wealth and power because people are material using social animals.
According to Erich W. Zimmermann, Resources are living phenomena, expanding and contracting in response to human effect and behavior….. To a large extent, they are man’s own creation. Man’s own wisdom is his premier resource - the key resource that unlocks the universe………………
Resources are an expression or reflection of human appraisal, and without people, there would be no resources.
Resources are not static, but expand and contract in response to human needs and human actions.

3. Water
Of all water on earth, 97.5% is salt water, and of the remaining 2.5% fresh water, some 70% is frozen in the polar icecaps. The other 30% is mostly present as soil moisture or lies in underground aquifers.
In the end, less than 1% of the world's fresh water (or about 0.007% of all water on earth) is readily accessible for direct human uses. It is found in lakes, rivers, reservoirs and in underground sources shallow enough to be tapped at affordable cost.
Much of the approximately cubic kilometers of precipitation that falls on the continents each year evaporates back into the atmosphere, or is absorbed by plants.
About 42,700 cubic kilometers of water that falls back on earth flows through the world's rivers. Dividing the world's total river flow by its 1995 population gives an average of 7300 cubic meters of water per person per year, a drop of 37% per person since 1970 because of the growing world population.

5. Fresh water resources are unevenly distributed: in terms of precipitation, there is a range from almost no rainfall in deserts to several meters per year in the most humid regions.
Most of the flow is in a limited number of rivers: the Amazon carries 16% of global run-off, while the Congo-Zaire river basin carries one third of the river flow in all of Africa.
Arid and semi-arid zones of the world, constituting 40% of the land mass, have only 2% of global run-off.
River flow, however, varies greatly over time and evaporation plays an important role whether a country can be classified as humid or semi-arid.
The average annual run-off is determined by the population size. Per capita availability of water is lowest in Asia, even though it has the world's greatest river flow. In Australia/Oceania on the other hand, the per capita run-off is high, in spite of the fact that most of the continent is dry.

6. Berlin Rules on Water Resources
Nations take appropriate steps to sustain and manage water resources, in conjunction with other resources, and minimize environmental harm. It also regulates behavior in wartime, including damage to water installations such as dams and dikes.
Nations are not permitted to take action that may result in a shortage of life-sustaining water for civilians, unless a nation being invaded is compelled by military emergency to disable its own water supply, or that may cause undue ecological damage. Poisoning water necessary for survival is in all cases forbidden.

7. Where water resources are internationally shared, it regulates equitable use with reasonable consideration of such factors as past customary usages of the resource and balancing variant needs and demands of all bordering nations.
It permits free navigation by all nations sharing a water system, although it allows reasonable restriction by a nation of water navigation within its jurisdiction for security.

8. Conservation
Water conservation: Any beneficial reduction in water loss, use or waste as well as the preservation of water quality.
A reduction in water use accomplished by implementation of water conservation or water efficiency measures; or,
Improved water management practices that reduce or enhance the beneficial use of water. A water conservation measure is an action, behavioral change, device, technology, or improved design or process implemented to reduce water loss, waste, or use.
Water efficiency is a tool of water conservation. That results in more efficient water use and thus reduces water demand. The value and cost-effectiveness of a water efficiency measure must be evaluated in relation to its effects on the use and cost of other natural resources (e.g. energy or chemicals).

9. Distribution of Mineral

11. World Energy Supply

13. Oil and Gas
Coal has been used since the industrial revolution but only in the last 100 years have huge quantities of oil and gas been removed from underground reservoirs.
There is a limited amount of fossil fuel. It is not "renewable" and there is no known way to make more. The energy stored in oil is significantly greater than in any other currently available source. There is no other equivalently cheap and powerful energy available from nuclear energy, natural gas, solar power, wind power, hydrogen, biomass or coal.

15. How and When Were the Limits of Oil Reserves Discovered?
Even though the early oilmen worked with primitive exploration techniques, the peak year for discoveries of giant oil fields (ultimate recovery of 500 mbbl oil or more) in the U.S. was 1930—in the world, 1962.
80% of the oil produced in 1995 was found before We now find one barrel for every four we consume.
In the last 20 years, only three fields (in Norway, Columbia and Brazil) have been found with more than one billion barrels each. None produce more than 200,000 barrels a day. From 1990 to 2000 a total of 42 billion barrels of new reserves were discovered. In the same period the world consumed 250 billion barrels.

16. "By some estimates, there will be an average of two percent annual growth in global oil demand over the years ahead, along with, conservatively, a three percent natural decline in production from existing reserves"..."That means by 2010 we will need on the order of an additional fifty million barrels a day. This is equivalent to more than six Saudi Arabias of today's size." -- Dick Cheney (as CEO of the world's largest oil services company, Halliburton) in a 1999 speech to the International Petroleum Institute in London.

18. Food and Soil
"Ninety percent of the world's food is derived from just 15 plant and 8 animal species."
"Biodiversity - and especially the maintenance of wild relatives of domesticated species - is essential to sustainable agriculture."
75% of the genetic diversity of crop plants has been lost in the past century.

19. World’s Climate

20. World Soil Map

21. Natural Vegetation of the world

22. World’s Agriculture Map

24. "In 1960, when the world population numbered only 3 billion, approximately 0.5 hectare of cropland per capita was available, the minimum area considered essential for the production of a diverse, healthy, nutritious diet of plant and animal products like that enjoyed widely in the United States and Europe."
Increases in grain production brought about by irrigation and synthetic fertilizer-pesticide inputs have peaked and begun declining. As consumption surpasses production, the world's stocks of stored grain have been falling relative to each year's use. When supply can no longer meet demand, free market price competition may starve the poor.

25. "Nitrogen production requires a large and affordable supply of natural gas."
"Natural gas is a key feedstock (up to 90 percent of the total costs) in the
manufacturing of nitrogen fertilizer for which there is no practical substitute... Nitrogen
fertilizer prices tend to increase when gas prices increase."

26. About 2 billion hectares of soil, equivalent to 15 per cent of the Earth's land area (an area larger than the United States and Mexico combined), have been degraded through human activities.
"Over the past 40 years, approximately 30% of the world's cropland has become unproductive."
"During the past 40 years nearly one-third of the world's cropland (1.5 billion hectares) has been abandoned because of soil erosion and degradation.“

27. Soil conservation
Soil conservation is a set of management strategies for prevention of soil being eroded from the Earth’s surface or becoming chemically altered by overuse, acidification, sailinization or other chemical soil contamination.
Decisions regarding appropriate crop rotation, cover crops, and planted windbreaks are central to the ability of surface soils to retain their integrity, both with respect to erosive forces and chemical change from nutrient depletion.
Cover crops serve the function of protecting the soil from erosion, weed establishment or excess evapotranspiration.
Contour farming was practiced by the ancient Phoenicians, and is known to be effective for slopes between two and ten percent. Contour plowing can increase crop yields from 10 to 50 percent, partially as a result from greater soil retention.

28. There are many erosion control methods like conservation tillage systems and crop rotation.
Windbreaks are created by planting sufficiently dense rows or stands of trees at the windward exposure of an agricultural field subject to wind erosion. Evergreen species are preferred to achieve year-round protection;
Terracing is the practice of creating benches or nearly level layers on a hillside setting. Terraced farming is more common on small farms and in underdeveloped countries, since mechanized equipment is difficult to deploy in this setting.
Keyline design is an enhancement of contour farming, where the total watershed properties are taken into account in forming the contour lines.

29. Fishing & Aquaculture
The oceans' marine life forms are declining from human overfishing, pollution, habitat destruction and global warming

30. Distribution of world’s fisheries
Distribution of world’s fisheries. Coastal areas & upwelling areas together supply over 99 % of world fish production. The deep ocean forms 90% of the ocean area but accounts for only 1% of the fish catch, if upwelling areas are excluded.

32. Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs)
Each coastal country has an EEZ extending 200 miles offshore. Legal mechanisms and investment incentives are being implemented to privatize and develop these marine areas for open ocean aquaculture and other industrial uses.

33. "99% of the worldwide annual commercial ocean catch comes from coastal waters, within 200 nautical miles of the coastline. these narrow coastal fringes are both the most productive and the most vulnerable."
"Roughly one-third of the world's coral reef systems have been destroyed or highly degraded."

34. Conservation
Marine conservation, also known as marine resources conservation, is the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas. Marine conservation focuses on limiting human-caused damage to marine ecosystems, and on restoring damaged marine ecosystems. Marine conservation also focuses on preserving vulnerable marine species.
Strategies and techniques for marine conservation tend to combine theoretical disciplines, such as population biology, with practical conservation strategies, such as setting up protected areas, as with marine protected areas (MPAs) or Voluntary Marine Conservation Areas. Other techniques include developing sustainable fisheries and restoring the populations of endangered species through artificial means.
Another focus of conservationists is on curtailing human activities that are detrimental to either marine ecosystems or species through policy, techniques such as fishing quotas.

35. Principle of Population
Resource Based Theories of Population Thomas Robert Malthus for the first time provided a systematic analysis of population and resources, later followed by Ricardo and Marx.
The "Principle of Population" depended on the idea that population if unchecked increases at a geometric rate (i.e. 2, 4, 8, 16, etc.), whereas the food supply grows at an arithmetic rate (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.).

36. Malthus suggested that only natural causes (such as accidents and old age), misery (war, pestilence, plague, and above all famine), moral restraint and vice (which for Malthus included infanticide, murder, contraception and homosexuality) could check excessive population-growth. He favoured moral restraint (including late marriage and sexual abstinence) as a check on the growth of population.

37. Optimum Population
Optimum population is where the amount of resources available in a country is equal to the country's population needs, so there are enough resources to maintain its population.
If it is below its optimum population then it has more resources than needed for the population, if it is above then it has too little resources to maintain its population. To achieve optimum population, a country must change some of the following dimensions to lower or increase their fertility rate, before they can achieve optimum population.
Immigration, age distribution and changes in lifespan must also be taken into account.

38. Definitions
“The population at which the standard of life is at maximum is called the optimum population.”- Boulding
“Optimum population is that which gives the maximum income per head.”- Daulton
“Optimum population is the number of people that in relation to given economics, military or social goals, produces the maximum return.”-Johnson
“Optimum population is the number of people that in a given natural, cultural and social environment produces the maximum economic return.”- Patterson
“The Optimum population is that population which produces maximum social welfare.”- Carr Saunders

39. Achieving Optimum Population
Social and Cultural: Changing people's views and attitudes on religion to adjust it into a modern fashion, changing social attitudes, such as giving women more rights and thought in starting a large family than following tradition.
Economic: Increasing career opportunities will have peoples' minds set on education and career prospects, and maintaining their job, such that the immediate impulse to start a family might be delayed.
Medical and Scientific: Increasing the amount of contraception in LEDC (Less Economically Developed Country) educating adults and children about sexual education, on how to use contraception and the risks involved.
Political: Improving education to direct people into a career, this will have people concentrate on getting a stable job rather than plan ahead on starting a family.

40. Over Population
Overpopulation is a condition when an organism's numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its ecological niche. In common parlance, the term usually refers to the relationship between the human population and its environment, the Earth.
Overpopulation is not simply a function of the size or density of the population. Overpopulation can be determined using the ratio of population to available resources. If a given environment has a population of ten, but there is food or drinking water enough for only nine, then that environment is overpopulated; if the population is 100 individuals but there is food, shelter or water enough for 200, then it is not.
Overpopulation can result from an increase in births, a decline in mortality rates due to medical advances, from an increase in immigration, a decrease in emigration, or from an unsustainable use and depletion of resources. It is possible for very sparsely-populated areas to be "overpopulated", as the area in question may have a very meager or non-existent capability to sustain human life (e.g. the middle of the Sahara desert or Antarctica).

41. Overpopulation occurs when the population density is so great as to actually cause an impaired quality of life, serious environmental degradation, or long-term shortages of essential goods and services.
Some countries have managed to increase their carrying capacity by using technologies such as, used in agriculture, used for desalination, and the use of nuclear power.
Some of the overpopulated regions of the world are India, Petén region of Guatemala, Bangladesh, Madagascar, Australia, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Sudan, Niger, Haiti, United States, Arizona, California, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.

42. Under Population
Under-Population is recognized when there are more resources in an area (for example, food, energy and minerals) than can be used by the people living there. Hence, the maximum human potential of that area is not realized as the resources are not fully exploited.
Countries like Canada and Australia can export the surplus of food, energy, and mineral resources, have high incomes, good living conditions and level of technology and immigration.
Some rural areas close to major cities in advanced countries such as the UK are under-populated due to outward migration. In the UK, the Southwest Wales and the highlands of Scotland are less densely populated compared to the rest of the country. This has also happened in older declining industrial areas and the outward movement or migration has been due to lower wages and unemployment. This phenomenon results in a decline in a population. With fewer people, there is a decrease in demands for services. The lower level of services therefore sometimes encourages further outward migration.

43. Carrying Capacity
Carrying capacity refers to the number of individuals who can be supported in a given area within natural resource limits, and without degrading the natural social, cultural and economic environment for present and future generations.
The carrying capacity for any given area is not fixed. It can be altered by improved technology, but mostly it is changed for the worse by pressures, which accompany a population increase.
As the environment is degraded, carrying capacity actually shrinks, leaving the environment no longer able to support even the number of people who could formerly have lived in the area on a sustainable basis.
No population can live beyond the environment's carrying capacity for very long.

44. Population- Resource
Population is the most important component of population geography.
These different abilities with different human group to understand and exploit their environment have necessitated the need to compare human numbers with respect to local physical environment which owes to satisfy their needs now and also for the generations to come.

45. In this parlance the concept of optimum population, overpopulation or underpopulation and population resource region come to fore.
Size, distribution and population structure within a country must be viewed in relation to its natural resources and the techniques of production used by its population.
The concept of optimum population, overpopulation and underpopulation are intimately related with the resource base(concept is highly subjective and vary as human acquires more and more knowledge base) and its exploitation pattern.

46. world’s regional scheme of population /resource ratio
Edward A. Ackerman has used three basic criteria for devising the world’s regional scheme of population /resource ratio, which are:
• Population factor,
• Resource factor and
• Technology factor
Among these three variables used in this scheme, the most critical is the magnitude and quality of available technology. He suggested a five-fold classification of the world into population/resource regions on the basis of population resource ratios and the availability of technology:

47. 1. United States Type: About one sixth of the world’s people live in technology-source areas with low population/resource ratios, as in much of North America, Australia and New Zealand and the erstwhile Soviet Union. 2. European Type: One sixth live in technology-source areas with high population/resource ratios, where industrialization and technology have permitted an expansion of resources through international trade. Most of Europe and Japan fall in this category. 3. Egyptian Type: Roughly one half live in areas which are technology- deficient with high population/resource ratios, as in India, Pakistan and China. This type epitomizes some of the most severe population problems. 4. Brazilian Type: One sixth live in technology- deficient areas with low population/resource ratios, as in much of Latin America, Africa and South-East Asia, where resources sometimes remain unused because of the problems of developing difficult environments. 5. Arctic- Desert Type: The largely uninhabited ice caps, tundra’s and deserts are mostly technology- deficient and offer little food-producing potential at the moment.

49. This classification is a useful general guide but offers little help for more specific cases of pressure of population on resources, which is extremely difficult to define in quantitative terms due to the dynamism of the variables involved: population, resource, technology and the economic expectations and attainments of the people.

50. World’s Environmental Concern

51. World’s Biome at Risk

52. NRMS
Natural resource management system is a discipline in the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations.
Management of natural resources involves identifying who has the right to use the resources and who does not for defining the boundaries of the resource. The resources are managed by the users according to the rules governing of when and how the resource is used depending on local condition.
A successful management of natural resources should engage the community because of the nature of the shared resources the individuals who are affected by the rules can participate in setting or changing them. The users have the rights to device their own management institutions and plans under the recognition by the government. The right to resources includes land, water, fisheries and pastoral rights.

54. THE END Thank you & really