1. World Englishes
Colonial Backgrounds

2. Strands of British Expansion
Self-determined Colonization: North America
Forced Colonization: West Indies, Australia
Missionary Colonization: New Zealand
Trade Colonization: South Asia: British East India Company (India); Africa: British South Africa Company (South Africa; Zambia; Zimbabwe
Competitive Colonization: Worldwide

3. North American Colonization
Begins with Roanoke (1584), the “lost colony”
1607: Jamestown
Purposes: Exploitation of natural resources (timber, tobacco); markets; pressure valve for religious discord
Southern colonists (to Bermuda) from “West Country”
Northern from Eastern England
Ulster Scots and Irish begin immigration in 1700s
Canada welcomes Scots to “Nova Scotia”

4. West Indies Destination for slave trafficking
Pidgin African dialects give way to Creoles based on French, Spanish, Portuguese, English
Plantation-running colonists import prestige varieties of English
West Indian colonists become important figures in America (e.g. Alexander Hamilton)

5. Australia James Cook visits 1700 1788: Sydney penal colony established
“First Fleet” brings 130,000 prisoners from London and Ireland
London “Cockney” gains a toe-hold
Irish include political prisoners as well after 1798 rebellion
Includes Aboriginal vocabulary

6. New Zealand Cook mapped islands by 1770
Whalers and traders settle by 1790
Missionaries come in 1814
Official colony begins 1840 by treaty with Maori
European immigration increases dramatically until 1900
Southeast Asian, Pacific, Hong Kong immigration

7. South Africa Originally colonized by Dutch in 1652
British invade in 1795; control, 1806; colony established, 1820; English official, 1822
Gold/diamond rush, 1870s
Black varieties of English develop in opposition to Afrikaans
Indian immigration, 1860s
Language of ANC, Nelson Mandela
1993, English one of 11 official languages

8. South Asia
British East India Company establishes trading station in 1612
Competes with France for possession; Madras French colony
1765 takes over Bengal
1784 “Board of Control” takes over
Universities in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, 1857
1858, Company abolished, control to the Crown
British Raj lasts until 1947

9. South East Asia Singapore: 1819, British East India Co. Outpost
Malaysia: Acquired from the Dutch (who had taken it from Portugal) in 1824
Hong Kong:
Papua New Guinea: Divided between Germany and England in 1884; Tok Pisin