1. Field workers
A field slave worked from sunrise to sunset, from first light until it was too dark to see. During harvest they might work 18 hours a day.
Men and women had to work the same hours. Pregnant women worked until the child was born, and then went straight back to work with child tied to their back or looked after by elderly female slaves. Children worked the same hours as adults once they were about 12 years old.
At the end of the day slaves had to line up to have the cotton they had picked weighed. They were expected to pick at least 200 pounds of cotton a day.
The slaves were watched and driven at their work all day long be an overseer who had a whip. On some plantations, if the owner was more humane, slaves might be given a 1 or 2 hour break at the hottest part of the hottest days.
Slaves were allowed Sunday off and some had part of Saturday too if it was not harvest time. Slaves sometimes hunted or fished during this time off.
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2. Food and clothing
Slaves usually received a monthly allowance of one bushel (about 36 kilos) of corn meal and salt-herrings or pork. Some plantation owners gave their slaves a small piece of land, a truck-patch, where they could grow vegetables. Some slaves were able to hunt or fish on Sundays to add to their food.
Slaves had a yearly clothing allowance. One slave (Douglass) wrote that he had two coarse linen shirts, one pair of linen trousers, like the shirts, one jacket, one pair of trousers for winter, made of coarse cloth, one pair of stockings, and one pair of shoes.
Another slave, Josiah Henson wrote that in the winter slaves were given an overcoat, a wool-hat once in two or three years, for the males, and a pair of coarse shoes".
House slaves usually lived better than those who worked in the fields. They usually had better food and were sometimes given the family's cast-off clothing.
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3. Housing
Housing provided for slaves was usually wooden shacks with dirt floors. A slave called Jacob Stroyer wrote that they were for 2 families .
"Some had partitions, while others had none. When there were no partitions each family would fit up its own part as it could; sometimes they got old boards and nailed them up, stuffing the cracks with rags; when they could not get boards they hung up old clothes.“
Another slave Joshua Henson wrote
"Wooden floors were an unknown luxury. In a single room were huddled, like cattle, ten or a dozen persons, men, women, and children. We had neither bedsteads, nor furniture of any description. Our beds were collections of straw and old rags, thrown down in the corners and boxed in with boards; a single blanket the only covering."
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4. Punishment
Slaves could be killed for murder, burglary, arson and assault on a white person.
Punishment was severe and out of proportion to the crimes. Plantation owners believed that slaves would therefore be too scared to rebel.
Slaves could be beaten for being late to start work, failing to pick enough of their daily quota of cotton, for taking a rest or working slowly. The overseers used whips to drive slaves to their work. Some slaves were whipped so hard and long they died.
In South Carolina one owner put slaves in a barrel studded with nails and pushed it down a long steep hill.
In Virginia an owner locked slaves in a tobacco shed and smoked them.
Other cruel punishments were beating with a chair, a broom, tongs a shovel, shears, a knife handle, a shoe or an oak club.
Slaves were also branded with red hot irons and had ears and noses cut.
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