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Why do we need to know the parts of speech?
Essential Questions: Does grammar matter? Why do we need to know the parts of speech?
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The rest is brought to you by Ms. Cortese.
Some of the content in this presentation is brought to you by Grammar Bytes!, ©2012 by Robin L. Simmons. The rest is brought to you by Ms. Cortese. chomp! chomp!
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Working with Words Nouns
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Here We Go… Let’s review the definitions of common nouns, proper nouns, concrete nouns, abstract nouns, collective nouns, and compound nouns using this song…
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Nouns The squirrel was vicious, and it attacked Ms. Cortese.
Proper nouns name specific people, places, things, or ideas, and they should be capitalized. A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. Common Noun Proper Noun The squirrel was vicious, and it attacked Ms. Cortese.
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Concrete, Abstract, and Collective Nouns
A concrete noun is a person, place, thing, or idea that can be seen, heard, or touched. An abstract noun is a person, place, thing, or idea that cannot be seen, heard, or touched. Concrete Noun Abstract Noun Squirrels are not known for their kindness.
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Concrete, Abstract, and Collective Nouns
A collective noun names a collection, or group, of people, animals, or things. We went to see the litter of puppies. Collective Noun Aren’t they adorable?
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Do you like Ms. Cortese’s new car?
Showing Possession To show possession, or ownership, add an apostrophe and an “s” to the end of a singular noun. Do you like Ms. Cortese’s new car?
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Ms. Cortese graded the students’ tests.
Showing Possession To show possession, or ownership, add just an apostrophe to the end of a plural noun that already ends in “s.” Ms. Cortese graded the students’ tests.
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Ms. Cortese took the children’s toys.
Showing Possession Not all plural nouns end in “s.” To show possession, or ownership, add an apostrophe and the letter “s” to plural nouns that do not end in “s.” Ms. Cortese took the children’s toys.
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woman’s women’s students’ student’s squirrel’s squirrels’ tree’s
Singular Possessive Plural Possessive teachers pencils teacher’s pencils teachers’ pencils womans purses students tests squirrels weapons trees branches deers antlers woman’s women’s students’ student’s squirrel’s squirrels’ tree’s trees’ deer’s deer’s
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Working with Words Pronouns
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Pronouns and Antecedents
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. The noun replaced or referred to by the pronoun is called the antecedent. The squirrel was vicious, and it attacked Ms. Cortese.
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Here We Go… Let’s learn more about pronouns by listening to this catchy little tune… Be prepared to answer the following questions: Why does the pronoun in this song have the blues? What types of pronouns are listed?
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Know Your Pronouns! Singular Plural he, she, it him, her, it
his, her, hers, its himself, herself, itself Plural they them their, theirs themselves Plural! Singular!
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What does “it” refer to, the car or the telephone pole?
Pronouns are AWESOME, but make sure the antecedent of your pronoun is clear to the reader… You don’t want to give your reader a vague pronoun reference! What does “it” refer to, the car or the telephone pole? Although the car hit the telephone pole, it was not damaged.
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A FORMAL ESSAY… Wait, like the PROMPT?
Remember, second-person pronouns must refer to the reader, and you should not use them in formal essays! A FORMAL ESSAY… Wait, like the PROMPT? You can find many themes in the short story “Flowers for Algernon.” There are many themes in the short story “Flowers for Algernon.”
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Pronoun Agreement: Gender
The gender of a pronoun must be the same as the gender of its antecedent. Ms. Cortese hates squirrels, but she thinks chipmunks are adorable.
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Intensive and Reflexive Pronouns
A pronoun with –self or –selves attached is either intensive or reflexive. Boy, this parts of speech stuff is pretty INTENSE! Get it? Intensive Not necessary to complete the meaning of the sentence Used to emphasize the noun before it Reflexive Necessary to complete the sentence If you aren’t sure whether a pronoun is intensive or reflexive, remove it from the sentence. If the sentence makes sense without it, the pronoun is intensive.
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Contractions and Pronouns
you’re Ms. Cortese, _____________ going to kill us if you assign any more homework! _________ such a beautiful day! ___________ is no way I’m going to let Teddy, Noah, and Nathen work together in a group. The abandoned book lay open on the table, ___ pages fluttering in the breeze. Keep _________ friends close, but your enemies closer. Ms. Cortese and Mr. Sherry crossed ____________ arms and glared at the noisy students. I love lima beans; _______________ my favorite vegetable. It’s There its your their they’re
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Pronoun Agreement: Person
Writers must choose either first, second, or third person pronouns.
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Pronoun Persons First Person I me my, mine myself we us our, ours
ourselves Second Person you your, yours yourself, yourselves Third Person he, she, it him, her his, hers, its himself, herself, itself they them their, theirs themselves Know your persons!
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Working with Words Adjectives
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Working with Words: Adjectives
Listen and watch as Ms. Cortese plays the “Adjective Song” from Grammaropolis. Use the song to list the four questions that adjectives answer and identify the “baby adjectives.” Record this information in your packet.
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Working with Words: Adjectives
Beautiful Trinity Middle School, located in scenic Washington County, is home to the evil English teacher, Ms. Cortese.
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Adjectives Adjectives modify (describe) nouns or pronouns.
Colorful adjectives add life to writing! Adjectives modify (describe) nouns or pronouns. That is a beautiful rainbow. This is an adjective because it describes/modifies a noun.
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Adjectives answer four questions…
How many? Adjectives answer four questions… What kind? How much? Which one?
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Demonstrative Adjectives
“That” points out the noun “puppy,” and “those” points out the noun “shoes.” A demonstrative adjective helps point out a noun. Be careful, though… Sometimes “that,” “this,” “those,” and “these” can function as pronouns. Give this to the puppy. That puppy loves to chew on those shoes.
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A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun and is capitalized.
Proper Adjectives Remember, when identifying a word’s part of speech, think about the word’s function in the sentence! A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun and is capitalized. Shakespearean plays are often studied in English class.
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Noun, Pronoun, or Adjective?
That squirrel is watching me. Noun Pronoun Adjective That squirrel is watching me. Noun Pronoun Adjective
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Noun, Pronoun, or Adjective?
2. He served in the United States Air Force. Noun Pronoun Adjective 2. He served in the United States Air Force. Noun Pronoun Adjective
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Noun, Pronoun, or Adjective?
3. Did you see that football game on television last night? Noun Pronoun Adjective 3. Did you see that football game on television last night? Noun Pronoun Adjective
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Noun, Pronoun, or Adjective?
4. You will fail English class if you do not complete your Study Island assignments! Noun Pronoun Adjective 4. You will fail English class if you do not complete your Study Island assignments! Noun Pronoun Adjective
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Noun, Pronoun, or Adjective?
5. Is that a spider or a ladybug? Noun Pronoun Adjective 5. Is that a spider or a ladybug? Noun Pronoun Adjective
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Noun, Pronoun, or Adjective?
6. We heard the tornado warning on the radio. Noun Pronoun Adjective 6. We heard the tornado warning on the radio. Noun Pronoun Adjective
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Noun, Pronoun, or Adjective?
7. Please take this coffee to Mrs. Lounder. Noun Pronoun Adjective 7. Please take this coffee to Mrs. Lounder. Noun Pronoun Adjective
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Noun, Pronoun, or Adjective?
8. This is the most ridiculous assignment we have ever completed. Noun Pronoun Adjective 8. This is the most ridiculous assignment we have ever completed. Noun Pronoun Adjective
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Noun, Pronoun, or Adjective?
9. English is a language taught around the world. Noun Pronoun Adjective 9. English is a language taught around the world. Noun Pronoun Adjective
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Noun, Pronoun, or Adjective?
Everyone enjoyed the bagpiper’s performance. Noun Pronoun Adjective Everyone enjoyed the bagpiper’s performance. Noun Pronoun Adjective
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A predicate adjective follows a linking verb and describes a subject.
Predicate Adjectives A predicate adjective follows a linking verb and describes a subject. That kitten is adorable. This is a predicate adjective because it follows a linking verb and describes the subject.
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Indefinite Adjectives
An indefinite adjective gives approximate or indefinite information. Some teachers are nicer than others. This is an indefinite adjective because it does not provide a specific number or type.
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Comparative and Superlative Forms
Superlative form compares three or more persons, places, things, or ideas. E=mc2 Comparative form compares two persons, places, things, or ideas. We use these forms of adjectives to compare nouns and/or pronouns. The lobster is the wisest of all creatures. The unicorn is wiser than the llama.
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Let’s Practice! Question #1: What do adjectives modify? Nouns Pronouns
Verbs Nouns and pronouns Nouns and verbs
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Learning is fun. Let’s Practice!
Question #2: What type of adjective is underlined in the following sentence: Learning is fun. Proper adjective Demonstrative adjective Predicate adjective
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I have a Siamese cat named Frank.
Let’s Practice! Question #3: What type of adjective is underlined in the following sentence: I have a Siamese cat named Frank. Proper adjective Demonstrative adjective Predicate adjective
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Those nachos are moldy. Let’s Practice!
Question #4: What type of adjective is underlined in the following sentence: Those nachos are moldy. Proper adjective Demonstrative adjective Predicate adjective
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That squirrel is meaner than the other one.
Let’s Practice! Question #5: Which form of adjective is used in the following sentence? That squirrel is meaner than the other one. Comparative Superlative
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This squirrel is the meanest of all.
Let’s Practice! Question #6: Which form of adjective is used in the following sentence? This squirrel is the meanest of all. Comparative Superlative
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Working with Words Verbs
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Here We Go… Let’s review verbs with yet another rocking tune from Grammaropolis… The “Verb Song”! Pay attention to the two different types of verbs described in the song. Record the names for these verbs on the first page of your packet.
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Verbs Linking Verb Ms. Cortese is evil, and she lied to her students.
Verbs are words that show action or express a state of being. Sometimes, “helping verbs” can help to complete the main verb, forming a verb phrase. Linking Verb Ms. Cortese is evil, and she lied to her students. Action Verb
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Verbs: Principal Parts
Verbs consist of four principal parts. These principal parts are used to form the different verb tenses. These fours parts are called the base form (infinitive), the present participle, the past form, and the past participle.
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Regular Verbs Hope = Hoping stomp stomped Slide = Sliding Have stomped
Most regular verbs that end in e drop the e before adding –ing. A regular verb generally forms its past and past participle by adding –d or –ed to the base form. The present participle is formed by adding –ing. BASE Hope = Hoping stomp PAST stomped Slide = Sliding PAST PART. Have stomped Hike = Hiking PRES. PART. stomping
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Irregular Verbs hurt know hurt knew Have hurt Have known
Of course, it can’t be that easy… Some verbs do not fit this pattern, and they are called irregular verbs. BASE BASE hurt know These verbs form their past and past participles in some other way than by adding –d or –ed. PAST PAST hurt knew PAST PART. PAST PART. Have hurt Have known
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Some Verbs That Change Vowels Some Verbs That Change Consonants
Irregular Verbs Some irregular verbs form the past and past participle by changing vowels. Some Verbs That Change Vowels find found [have] found hold held [have] held ring rang [have] rung swim swam [have] swum Other irregular verbs form the past and past participle by changing consonants. Some Verbs That Change Consonants bend bent [have] bent build built [have] built lend lent [have] lent spend spent [have] spent
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Irregular Verbs Some irregular verbs form the past and past participle by changing both vowels and consonants. Some Verbs that Change Vowels and Consonants buy bought [have] bought see saw [have] seen speak spoke [have] spoken wear wore [have] worn Finally, some irregular verbs make no change when forming the past and past participle. Some Verbs that Make No Change cost [have] cost cut [have] cut hit [have] hit read [have] read
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Confusing Verbs Set the book on the table.
sit to be in place set to put (something) in place lie to recline lay to put or place (something) rise to go up raise to make (something) go up Set the book on the table. Sit the book on the table. or Set the book on the table. The sun will raise in the morning. or The sun will rise in the morning. The sun will rise in the morning. Please lie down. Please lie down. or Please lay down.
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Direct and Indirect Objects
An indirect object receives the action of the verb indirectly. It tells us “to whom” or “for whom” something is done. A direct object receives the direct action of the verb. It answers the question “who?” or “what?” after the verb. Gave who or what? Gave to whom? Mr. Mittleider gave acorns to the squirrels.
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Verbs: Transitive and Intransitive
Transitive verbs are ALWAYS action verbs! Verbs: Transitive and Intransitive A transitive verb is a verb that expresses (transfers) an action directed toward a person, place, thing, or idea. Words that receive the action of transitive verbs are called objects. These objects complete the meaning of the sentence! Hello! I am the Punctuation Princess, and I am here to tell you about transitive and intransitive verbs. What did she begin? She began her speech! Ms. Cortese began her speech. This verb is transitive because it has an object.
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Verbs: Transitive and Intransitive
An intransitive verb is a verb that expresses action or tells us something about the subject WITHOUT the action passing to a receiver. These verbs have no object. “On time” is a prepositional phrase, and we don’t need it to complete the basic meaning of the sentence! Ms. Cortese arrived on time. This verb is intransitive because it has no object.
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Let’s Practice! The honey badger was hungry.
This is a linking verb, since “hungry” describes the honey badger. Next, we should decide if they are ACTION or LINKING verbs. First, let’s identify the verbs in the following sentences… The honey badger was hungry. The honey badger snarled ferociously. The sound of Ms. Cortese’s scream echoed through the hallway. This is an action verb, since it tells us what the subject is doing. This is an action verb, since it tells us what the subject is doing.
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Let’s Practice! Echoed at who or what? Snarled at who or what?
Finally, let’s look at the action verbs to see if they have an object… The honey badger was hungry. The honey badger snarled ferociously. The sound of Ms. Cortese’s scream echoed through the hallway. Intransitive We don’t know… Which means there is no DIRECT OBJECT! Intransitive Again, we don’t know… Which means there is no DIRECT OBJECT! Echoed at who or what? Snarled at who or what?
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These “verbs in disguise” are called verbals.
Verbs: Verbals Sometimes words that are typically used as verbs can act as another part of speech… These “verbs in disguise” are called verbals. There are three types of verbals: gerunds, participles, and infinitives.
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A gerund is a verb form that ends in –ing and is used as a noun.
Verbs: Verbals A gerund is a verb form that ends in –ing and is used as a noun. Agent P enjoys running.
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The creature kicking at the screen is a platypus.
Verbs: Verbals A participle is a verb form that ends in –ed or –ing that is used as an adjective. The creature kicking at the screen is a platypus.
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Agent P hopes to stop Dr. Doofenshmirtz.
Verbs: Verbals An infinitive is a verb form introduced by the word “to” that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Agent P hopes to stop Dr. Doofenshmirtz.
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Let’s Practice! Ms. Cortese distributed the difficult test.
Transitive Action Verb Intransitive Action Verb Linking Verb Helping Verb Ms. Cortese laughed maniacally. Have you seen pictures of Ms. Kulla’s new motorcycle?
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Let’s Practice! Ms. Cortese is evil. Transitive Action Verb
Intransitive Action Verb Linking Verb Helping Verb Mr. Sherry rescued the kitten from the pack of squirrels.
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Working with Words Adverbs
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Parts of Speech Review: Adverbs
Listen and watch as Ms. Cortese plays the “Adverb Song” from Grammaropolis. Use the song to list the five questions that adverbs answer. Record this information in your packet.
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Adverbs An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. The puppy jumped joyfully. This is an adverb because it describes the verb “jumped.”
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Viciously modifies the verb, which makes it an adverb.
Adverbs Viciously modifies the verb, which makes it an adverb. An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. The bird viciously attacked Ms. Cortese. The bird viciously attacked Ms. Cortese.
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