Advise on beauty products and services

Advise on beauty products and services
SHB40115 Certificate IV in Beauty Therapy SHB50115 Diploma of Beauty Therapy WRB20104 WRBCS201B – PROVIDE MANICURE AND PEDICURE SERVICES SHBBFAS003 Provide specialised facial treatments LEARNING MATERIAL Student name: Student ID: Date: Initial Impact P/L PO Box 301 Balnarring 3926 ABN Student name: Student ID: Date: © 2016 Initial Impact P/L Advise on beauty products and services

Provide specialised facial treatments
UNIT SCOPE Element 1. Establish client priorities. 1.1 Access and review client treatment plan if available. 1.2 Discuss facial requirements, changes in skin over lifetime, current skin care regimen, lifestyle and nutrition influences with client to establish treatment objectives. 1.3 Conduct skin analysis, checking for areas of normal facial skin, levels of lipids and skin hydration, degree of photo ageing and pigmentation and scar tissue as required. 1.4 Identify contraindications to facial treatment, and refer client to appropriate professional as required. 1.5 Identify common skin diseases and disorders that can be treated within scope of practice, as required. 1.6 Establish medical history, medication, and obtain medical approval prior to treatment, as required. 1.7 Classify client’s skin and discuss outcomes with client. 2. Design and recommend specialised facials. 2.1 Design proposed facial for treatments 2.2 Discuss benefits of selected formulations and devises and potential adverse effects with client. 2.3 Explain recommendations for duration, frequency and cost of facial to client. 2.4 Modify treatment plan, record updates and obtain client consent. 3. Prepare for specialised facial treatment. 3.1 Check readiness of treatment area and equipment. 3.2 Use energy, water, product and supplies sustainably during preparation and subsequent treatment process. 3.3 Prepare facial treatment products and equipment. 3.4 Prepare client, ensuring their comfort and modesty throughout treatment. 3.5 Position self throughout facial to minimise fatigue and risk of injury. 4. Cleanse skin using ultrasonic or direct current. 4.1 Remove make up and cleanse skin according to treatment plan. 4.2 Apply treatment medium and select ultrasonic parameters. 4.3 Apply ultrasonic device according to predetermined pattern, at correct angle ensuring that skin remains moist as required. 4.4 Provide desincrustation treatment using direct current as required. 4.5 Remove treatment medium. Provide specialised facial treatments

UNIT SCOPE CONTIUED 5. Remove minor skin blemished and infuse serums. 5.1 Steam and exfoliate as required. 5.2 Extract milia and comedones as required. 5.3 Apply high frequency to facial treatment areas. 5.4 Use direct current or sonophoresis to infuse serums according to skin type and conditions. 5.5 Remove excess product as required. 6. Provide micro current treatment. 6.1 Ensure all metallic jewellery, contact lenses and hearing aids have been removed as per manufacturer instructions. 6.2 Check current on self and return dials to zero. 6.3 Select application method using electrodes, rollers, probes or gloves as required. 6.4 Apply micro current gel or cream. 6.5 Select treatment parameters and apply micro current as required. 7. Complete treatment. 7.1 Apply and remove mask as required. 7.2 Apply post treatment skin care products according to treatment plan. 7.3 Allow post recovery treatment time in relaxation area. 8. Review treatment and provide post treatment advice. 8.1 Evaluate specialised facial with client. 8.2 Review current skin care regimen and make recommendations to support client priorities and maintain skin between treatments. 8.3 Design and recommend future treatments to support client priorities. 8.4 Manage client expectations of potential outcomes. 8.5 Update treatment plan and rebook client for future services as required. 9. Clean treatment area. 9.1 Remove used linen and clean surfaces and equipment according to organisational policies and procedures. 9.2 Restock equipment and products in preparation for next treatment. 9.3 Dispose general waste and any hazardous substance to minimise negative environmental impacts according to organisational policies and procedures. Provide specialised facial treatments

UNIT SCOPE CONTIUED Foundation skills – 10 to 16 10. Student demonstrated foundation skills when they used reading skills to interpret and follow manufacturer instructions and safety data sheets for dilution, handling and disposal of cleaning and treatment products source and interpret credible information from: anatomy, physiology, skin science, cosmetic chemistry and nutrition publications electrical currents and ultrasound technology publications and trade journals anatomical charts and models interpret product and equipment information on safe use of cosmetic formulations, ingredients and device parameters. 11. Student demonstrated foundation skills when they used writing skills to complete workplace documentation for electrical safety problems and equipment faults. 12. Student demonstrated foundation skills when they used oral communication skills to select and use appropriate anatomy and physiology terminology in consultation with clients provide simple explanations to client that describe the physiological processes of skin damage and ageing and how the selected device, products and advice will impact skin appearance protect confidentiality of client information by ensuring that other clients and colleagues do not overhear discussions or view client records discuss contraindications and precautions tactfully. 13. Student demonstrated foundation skills when they used numeracy skills to calculate treatment duration, treatment sequencing, costs, product quantities and prices measure cosmetic ingredient quantities and ratios to assess effectiveness of formulations calculate treatment parameters for individual device. 14. Student demonstrated foundation skills when they used learning skills to use knowledge of cosmetic chemistry ingredients to assess environmental impact and disposal methods. 15. Student demonstrated foundation skills when they used planning and organisation skills to sequence the treatment and products application to maximise the treatment outcomes. 16. Student demonstrated foundation skills when they used technology skills to access credible online publications and internet resources which build knowledge for providing advice to clients use software interfaces on equipment use client software to update client notes, record stock data and product purchases use electrical currents, ultrasound devices or combination in treatment steps that will maximise outcomes for client and minimise skin damage use ultrasound technology to identify and address safety issues and recognise limitations in use in specialised facials. Provide specialised facial treatments

The Integumentary system The skin is an organ and is part of the integumentary systems which includes hair, glands, nails and specialised receptors. There are 12 elements within the skin. Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous layer Hair Sudoriferous (sweat gland) Sebaceous (oil gland) Hair follicle Muscle Capillary blood vessels Fat Nerves Receptors The skin is the largest organ in the human body being complex in structure and function. The two major layers are the epidermis and the dermis. Provide specialised facial treatments

The process of nerve conduction The function of the brain is to convert an external sensation such as touch, into a coded message that the nerves can transfer into the central nervous system (CNS). This neural message is an electrochemical one passed on from nerve to nerve at various junctions and interconnections by using gap jumping neurotransmitter substances. Sensory nerves can be myelinated or unmyelinated. This special fatty substance is produced by Schwann cells that wrap around the nerve and offer some sort of protection to the conduction of the electrochemical signal. Not all sensory nerves are the same size. Some are thicker than others, some longer, some end at one receptors and some end at a cluster of receptors and some are ‘free’. Incoming information to the brain is distributed to different regions often simultaneously. For the brain to make sense of this information it is dependent upon its development through learning. Types of skin receptors. The skin responds to hot, cold, pressure, vibration, touch and pain. These are all applied in a range of beauty treatments. The interpretation of stimuli to the skin depends on; Intensity and frequency. Type and number of sensory fibres. Duration and how often it occurs. Area covered by the sensory nerves. Brain pathway utilized and activated. Complex and neurochemistry of transmitter substances. Nerves in the skin Provide specialised facial treatments

EPIDERMIS – This is the outer layer and the thinnest and is made up of stratified squamous epithelium which are layers of cells which are shed from the skin. There are four different types of cells. The most numerous is the keratinocyte which undergoes the process of keratinisation. Its function is to produce keratin to protect the skin by providing immunity to bacteria. The second type of cell is the melanocyte which produces melanin giving the skin its colour and provides protection from UV sun rays. The third type of cell is the langherans which originates in the bone marrow and moves to the epidermis. It helps provide immunity. The fourth type of cell is the granstein which also provides immunity. The layers of the epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum germinativum Provide specialised facial treatments

EPIDERMIS LAYERS The epidermis on the body has four layers except for the palms of the hand and soles of feet which have five for extra protection. The skin is very fine around the delicate eye area. The stratum corneum is the layer that shows the effects of skin care, beauty treatments and product applications. Top outer layer is the stratum corneum, also known as the cuticle layer. It provides protection against light, heat, water, bacteria and some chemicals. The cells are dead and lay flat. They are completely filled with keratin and are continually being shed from the skin. The keratin cells are arranged in brick wall formation. Facial skin is particularly vulnerable as it is constantly exposed to the harsh elements of the weather as well as artificial heating and cooling. Other factors such as smoking, unhealthy diet, hormone imbalance and genetics can all affect the condition and appearance of the skin. The next layer down is the stratum lucidum also known as the clear layer. The cells are dead and flat and contain a clear substance called eleiden which eventually becomes keratin in the cuticle layer. Eleiden is translucent. The layer down from the clear layer is the stratum granulosom also known as the granular layer. It contains keratohyalin which eventually forms keratin in the cuticle layer. The cells make up between 3 to 5 rows and look like grains of sand. Epidermal ridges and grooves on feet and hands are lines and loops that appear on the palms and soles and are called fingerprints and footprints. No two people have the same. They assist in providing friction and grip . They are found on the back of the hand as a pattern of criss-cross lines. Being exposed to the sun, hands often show ultra-violet radiation damage. The soles and palms have no hair follicles, few sweat gland but do have a high density of nerve receptors. The deepest layer in the epidermis is commonly known as the germinative layer and is made up of two parts. Stratum spinosum is the upper part and is the prickle cell layer. These prickle cells are well defined polygonal (many sided) and the whole layer is made of prickle like threads which join up the cells. The stratum basale which is the lowest section of the germinative layer has cells in layers which are continually dividing and multiplying. This layer is where new cells are formed. The cells get their nutrient fluids from the capillary blood vessels in the skin. The new cells push the older ones up the layers where they are eventually shed from the skin in the cuticle layer. Melanocytes are found in abundance in this layer with one in every ten cells being a pigment forming melanin. Provide specialised facial treatments

DERMIS and VASCULAR SYSTEM – This lower layer provides the supporting framework of the skin. It also contains hair follicles, nerves, glands and blood vessels. The skin cannot be fed from outside the body. Beauty products can only assist in the appearance of the skin’s texture. The vascular system is composed of venous and arterial blood vessels which supply the skin with oxygen and nutrients and together with the lymphatic system they remove waste from the body. The vascular tissue helps to regulate temperature. Blood is composed of cells, blood cells and platelets, and liquid (plasma) which contains proteins, amino acids, hormones, vitamins, inorganic salts and other organic compound. The blood also carries hormones that nourish the skin and affect its growth and metabolism. Connective tissue is found throughout the body and in the skin cushions. It supports other tissues and maintains the body’s shape. It is made up of protein fibres, being collagen and elastin, within a gel like ground substance and tissue fluid. They are linked by intercellular substances which support and bind them together. The dermis has two layers. The papillary layer is made up of loose connective tissue and collagen and elastin fibres. The surface of this layer is made up of dermal papillae which are small projections that greatly increase the surface area. This dermal papillae contains nerve endings which are sensitive to touch. The reticular layer is made up of thick connective tissue containing a network of collagenous and coarse elastic fibres. This provides the skin with resilience, strength and elasticity. The layer is connected to the underlying organs through the subcantaneous layer. The dermis contains skin nerves. There are a very fine network of skin nerve fibres which extend into the lower layer of the epidermis and up around the hair follicles. They are receptive to heat, cold, touch, pain and itch. Provide specialised facial treatments

SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER- This is also known as the hypodermis and lies under the dermis. The subcutaneous tissue contains fat and is known as adipose tissue. Adipose tissue plays an important role in hormone activity. The thickness of this layer varies greatly throughout the body and it is missing on the eyelids where the skin is the thinnest. This layer protects the body by providing a cushioning layer. The nerve endings in the subcutaneous layer are called pacinian which can sense pressure. Homeostasis. Homeostasis is the ability of a living organism to adjust its internal environment to maintain a stable equilibrium, such as a human or a warm blooded animal, to maintain a constant temperature. There are many factors within the internal environment of the body which need to be kept constant such as blood sugar levels, carbon dioxide levels, body water, acidity and alkalinity and temperature known as thermoregulation. Thermoregulation. Thermoregulation is the ability of a living organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs. The opposite condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia. The whole purpose of the thermoregulatory system is to keep the body at a constant temperature. The skin assists in homeostasis by reacting differently to hot and cold conditions so that the inner body temperature remains more or less constant. A normal body temperature in humans is 36.8°C with the temperature being higher in the evenings, due to physical activities during the day. This temperature is the optimum level for enzymes which are our biochemical catalysts which can only operate within a narrow temperature range. Provide specialised facial treatments

Six main functions of the skin 1. Protection. The skin provides protection from abrasions, loss of water and keeps the blood supply away from the surface where bacteria could enter. 2. Sensation. The abundant amount of nerve endings and specialised receptors in the skin detect the sensations of pain, temperature, touch and pressure. 3. Excretion. The glands allow the body to lose heat, water, certain salts and wastes which leave the body when required. 4. Immunity. The epidermis contains cells that fight infection when there is damage to the skin. 5. Vitamin D synthesis. Ultra-violet light from the sun activates the production of vitamin D. 6. Body temperature regulation. The skin maintains an even internal body temperature to protect the inner organs. Skin care and beauty treatments. Cleansing, exfoliating and moisturising daily is very important in keeping the skin healthy. Beauty treatments, such as facials and some body treatments, maintain the skin’s balance and protective qualities. Acne is a common inflammatory pilobaceous disorder characterised by comedones, papules, pustules, inflamed nodules, superficial pus-filled cysts and in extreme cases, sinus formation and deep inflammation. Moisturisers enable lost water to be replaced and helps to keep it in the skin with ingredients such as humectants known as water binding agents. Humectants help maintain the lipids of the epidermis in good condition. The term alipidic means “lack of lipids” referring to the skin not producing enough sebum (skin’s natural oil). Alipidic skin may be a dry or dehydrated skin type. . Provide specialised facial treatments

Facial skin types and conditions
Ageing skin has a reduction in sebum and moisture with a loss of elasticity making the skin sag around the eyes and jawline. Wrinkles form around normal facial expressions. Dehydrated skin is an alipidic skin because it does not produce enough sebum to prevent evaporation of cell moisture. It may look flaky, tight and dry looking with small fine lines and wrinkles. It may also feel itchy with an absence of visible pores in the skin. Oily skin produces too much sebum resulting in large pores with the skin looking shiny and greasy. Pores may be clogged with dead skin cells that build up in the hair follicle. Open and closed pores are called comedones. Blackheads are open comedones, hardened sebum exposed to the air, while whiteheads are closed comedones, having a thin layer of skin cover the pore opening. Acne is considered a skin type because the tendency to develop acne is hereditary. Hair follicles become clogged with hardened oil, resulting in infection causing redness and inflammation. Acne bacteria is anaerobic, meaning it cannot survive without oxygen. When follicles are blocked with hardened oil and dead skin cells, oxygen cannot get to the bottom of the follicle where acne bacteria live. The acne bacteria survive by breaking down the sebum into fatty acids and multiplying quickly, causing a break in the follicle wall. This rupture allows blood to come into the follicle causing redness. Acne papules are red pimples that do not have a pus head. Pimples with a pus head are called pustules. Pus is a fluid inside a pustule made up of dead white blood cells that try to fight the infection. Oil pore Blackhead Whitehead Provide specialised facial treatments

Facial skin types and conditions
Sensitive skin has a thin, red-pink look to it which becomes easily inflamed. It sometimes has a dry flaky appearance. It reacts when exposed to specific cosmetics and atmospheric changes such as hot and cold environments. It often has dilated blood vessels which sometimes break and are visible beneath the skin. This creates a noticeable red flush or blush, appearing along the nose and cheeks known as couperose. Seborrhoea is caused by over secretion of the sebaceous gland making the skin look shiny and oily. Usually found on the face, centre of the chest and back. Seborrhoea is often the basis for acne. Rosacea is like acne with the cutaneous vessels of the nose and cheeks giving a red flushed appearance. The skin surface may become lumpy and thickened with pimples. Eczema is a skin condition which begins with an itching red area, with pin-head sized small elevations in the skin containing fluid. These can progress to scaly, dry patchiness which weep fluid. Eczema is a tissue reaction which can be caused by an allergic reaction to a product or internal stimulus via the blood stream. Psoriasis is commonly seen as red scaly patches on the skin. The scaly patches are areas of excessive skin production. The redness takes on a silvery-white appearance. Herpes simplex are known as cold sores being the viral disease herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). Oral herpes is the most common form of infection that form weepy, infected blisters around the lips. It is a recurring disease which can last 2-21days. Hives are caused by an allergic reaction from internal or external sources. It appears as raised, red itchy lumps which can disappear quite quickly. Rosacea Cold sore Provide specialised facial treatments

Disorders of pigmentation Hyperpigmentation. This is a skin condition where patches of skin become darker than the normal skin tone. This can affect different skin colours of all human races. It is caused by excess of melanin forming deposits in the skin. Age and liver spots are a common form of hyperpigmentation. They are caused by sun exposure or hormone imbalances. Sun damaged skin will have many areas of hyperpigmentation, lots of wrinkles on areas not associated with normal facial expressions. The skin is sagging from damage to the elastic fibres making it look older before its time. Hypogimentation. This is the loss of colour in the skin. It is caused by a decrease of the amino acid Tyrosine which is used by the melanocytes to make melanin. Chloasma. This condition is seen as patches of increased pigmentation on the face. Usually occurs during pregnancy, taking the contraceptive pill and during menopause. Melanoderma. This describes patchy pigmentation on the skin usually caused when a product (perfume) is applied to the skin and it causes photosensitivity. Freckles. Freckles are small pigmented areas of skin usually seen in fair skinned people with red hair. They become evident on exposure to sunlight. The more exposure to the sun the more freckles will appear. Hypogimentation – Vitiligo, a fungal condition giving the skin a blotchy appearance. Provide specialised facial treatments

Disorders of pigmentation There are four Naevus conditions of the skin. 1. Capillary naevus or port wine stain is a pale to pink purple colouration caused by enlarged capillaries in the dermis. They are flat, irregularly shaped patches mainly seen on the face but may appear in other places. 2. Strawberry naevus is a condition that appears within three months of birth and usually disappears by the age of 10. They are often raised. 3. Spider naevus is a collection of broken capillaries radiating from a central, raised area. Commonly appears during pregnancy but may appear at any age. Most common on the face. 4. Pigmented naevi or moles can vary in color from pink to brown or black. They can be flat or raised and smooth having a round shape and may contain hairs. Keloid. This is a type of scar tissue caused by an increase of collagen fibres, resulting in an overgrowth of scar tissue. The raised ridge will be smooth and shiny. Skin tags. This is a common fibrous skin condition seen on the neck of middle aged to elderly people. The tags form deep multiple folds of loose skin often called “turkey neck”. Relationship between beauty treatments and UV exposure. Care needs to be taken when aromatic plant oils (particularly citrus oils) have been used in a massage and the client is exposed to UV directly after the application. The results may be a phototoxic reaction where the skin burns more easily. Provide specialised facial treatments

The skin’s acid mantle When oil from the sebaceous glands and sweat from the sudoriferous glands mix together on the surface of the skin, they form an emulsion on the skin called an acid mantle. This thin film of liquid protects the skin by making it waterproof and prevents harmful bacteria from entering the skin. Acid mantel is damaged by soap, some cosmetic preparations and alkaline solutions. If the acid mantel of the skin is removed, then protection of the skin is lost. Natural excretion sweat sebum skin’s acid mantle pH 5 Sebaceous gland Sudoriferous gland Provide specialised facial treatments

Benefits of exfoliation
SKIN CARE PRODUCTS Cleansers Cleansing creams - cleansing milks - foaming cleansers. Follow manufacturers’ instructions for the brand you are using for the different skin types. Toners Also known as fresheners or astringents. Designed to lower the pH of the skin after cleansing. Follow manufacturer’s instructions for the brand you are using for the different skin types. Mechanical exfoliants Used to remove excess dead skin cells. These can be granular scrubs, rub off masques and microdermabrasion scrub products. Skin brushing machines are also used as mechanical exfoliants. Follow manufacturers’ instructions for the brand you are using for the different skin types. Deeper, surgical level peels must only be used by dermatologists and cosmetic surgeons. Chemical exfoliants Popular exfoliating chemicals are alpha hydroxy acids or beta hydroxy acids which dissolve the bonds and intercellular cement between the cells in the skin. As dead cells are removed over a period of time, wrinkles become less deep and skin discolouration fades. Follow manufacturers’ instructions for the brand you are using for the different skin types. Enzyme peels These work by dissolving keratin protein in the surface cells of the skin. They are known as keratolytic enzymes. There are two types. The cream type is allowed to dry on the skin to form a crust. This is then rolled off the skin. The other type of enzyme peel is a powder form which is mixed with water. This type does not dry and can be used in a steam treatment. Follow manufacturers’ instructions for the brand you are using for the different skin types. Benefits of exfoliation Reduces clogged and oily skin Promotes skin smoothness Increases moisture content and hydration Reduces hyperpigmentation Decreases uneven skin colour Eliminates or softens wrinkles and fine lines Improves skin’s elasticity Speeds up cell renewal Provide specialised facial treatments

SKIN CARE PRODUCTS Moisturisers Increase the moisture content of the skin’s surface. They are a mixture of humectants also known as hydrators or water binding agents and emollients which are oily or fatty ingredients that prevent moisture from leaving the skin. All have other ingredients that perform additional functions such as soothing agents for sensitive skin, alpha hydroxy acids for ageing skin. Follow manufacturer’s instructions for the brand you are using for the different skin types. Night treatment products These are intensive products used at night to treat specific skin problems. They are heavier than moisturisers and contain higher amounts of conditioning ingredients. Follow manufacturers’ instructions for the brand you are using for the different skin types. Serums and ampoules These are concentrated products that contain intensive amounts of selected ingredients designed to achieve specific results. Follow manufacturer’s instructions for the brand you are using for the different skin types. Massage cream and oils These are lubricants to make the skin slippery during a facial massage. Follow manufacturer’s instructions for the brand you are using for the different skin types. Masques Clay based masques are mainly used for oily and combination skin types. Cream masques often used on dry skin types. Gel masques used on sensitive and dehydrated skin types. Alginate masques are often seaweed based. The powder is mixed with water and placed on the face. It has a rubberised texture. Paraffin wax masques are melted to a temperature a little more than the body’s temperature before being applied to the face. They are used with a treatment cream to allow for deeper penetration of the creams ingredients. Modelage masques contain special crystals of gypsum, a plaster like ingredient. They are used with a treatment cream to increase blood circulation for dry, mature and dull looking skin. Gauze is sometimes used with the application of masques. With all masque products, always follow manufacturers’ instructions for the brand you are using for the different skin types. Provide specialised facial treatments

Sunscreens Sunscreen, also known as sunblock or sun cream, comes in a lotion, spray or gel. Sunscreens absorb or reflect some of the UV radiation when the skin is exposed to sunlight and this helps protect against sunburn. Sunscreens contain one or more UV filters of which there are three main types; Organic chemical compounds that absorb 98% of UVA. Inorganic particles that reflect, scatter and absorb UV light. Ingredients such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide or a combination of both. Sun filters absorb or reflect 85% of light. Many do not block UVA radiation, which does not cause sunburn, but can increase the rate of melanoma (another kind of skin cancer) so people using sunscreens may be getting too much UVA without realising it. Additionally, sunscreens block UVB and if used consistently this can cause a deficiency of vitamin D. Sun protective factor. The SPF of a sunscreen is a laboratory measure of the effectiveness of sunscreen — the higher the SPF, the more protection a sunscreen offers against UVB - the ultraviolet radiation that causes sunburn. The SPF is the amount of UV radiation required to cause sunburn on skin with the sunscreen on, relative to the amount required without the sunscreen. Applying a sunscreen with SPF 30 and the skin will not burn until it has been exposed to 30 times the amount of solar energy that would normally cause it to burn. The amount of solar energy the skin is exposed to depends not only on the amount of time spent in the sun, but also the time of day. This is because during early morning and late afternoon the sun's radiation must pass through more of the Earth's atmosphere before it reaches us. The protection from a particular sunscreen depends on factors such as; The skin type of the user, the amount applied and frequency of re-application. Activities in which one engages (for example, swimming leads to a loss of sunscreen from the skin). Amount of sunscreen the skin has absorbed. Provide specialised facial treatments

Consulting with the client
A visit to a beauty salon should be an enjoyable and luxurious experience for a client. The presentation and hygienic standards of the salon are extremely important. Your own attitude when you first greet the client is also vitally important. Ensure your personal presentation is appropriate. Be warm and friendly. Listen to your client. Use eye contact. Show a genuine interest in what they are wanting. Know your products. Speak well, choosing your words carefully. Explain the procedures carefully so the client understands. Do not be too pushy. Adjustments required. You need to consult with your client on their health and medical history as well as gaining their permission for you to proceed with the treatment. After having collected all of the client’s information, you may need to adjust the techniques and vary the length of treatment to suit the client’s requirements. Factors that may affect suitability of treatment to clients. Budgetary and time constraints. Outcomes of previous treatment. Client skin biology. Client willingness to follow home care advice. Information required prior to a beauty treatment. Skin analysis Contraindications Client lifestyle Allergies Medical history Provide specialised facial treatments

SPECIALISED FACIAL TREATMENTS
Skin condition: Area to be treated: Potential areas of concern/contraindications: Previous treatments: Expected results: Skin care products/serums applied: Equipment used: High frequency Direct current Micro current Voltage – high or low: Recommended maximum current intensity: Selected client intensity: Selected application time: Provide specialised facial treatments

AFTER TREATMENT RECORD CARD
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT RESULTS Treatment procedure Machine used Duration of application Intensity of current Products used GENERAL PRODUCTS USED General appearance of skin after treatment: Adverse reactions: Client comments: Further treatments recommended and frequency of treatments: Products purchased for at home use: Provide specialised facial treatments

Occupation Health and Safety requirements You need to know where to access relevant federal, state and local health and hygiene legislation and regulations, Occupational safety and health legislation, including skin penetration legislation and information on efficient use of energy, water and other resources to reduce negative environmental impacts. In particular you must be aware of; The Work Safe Australia National code of practice and National Model Regulations for the control of workplace hazardous substances. Your legal and insurance responsibilities in regards to treatments conducted within the salon. Occupational Health and Safety considerations. The following is a list of safety precautions that you must adhere to before and during a service to protect the client and yourself. Have clean water and make sure the product is within its use by date. Dispose of any dirty tissues as you use them. Use clean gowns, head band and towels for each client. Do not apply skin care products on any open, weeping sores or infections. If you have a cut on your hand cover it with a plaster or avoid conducting the treatment. Keep your fingernails well maintained to avoid scratching the client. Wear personal protective clothing if required. Wash your hand before you begin making sure your breath is fresh. Wear deodorant. Keep all equipment clean and if necessary sterilise items. Furniture must be clean and comfortable for the client. Facial sponges washed with an antibacterial soap. Conserve the use of resources such as energy, water and products to reduce impact on environment. Follow salon environmental policies and legislative requirements on the removal and disposal of waste material. Follow salon policies and relevant health and safety legislation for skin penetration, sanitising tools and equipment procedures correctly. Provide specialised facial treatments

Potential workplace policies These may include; Create a friendly courteous environment. Help customers to find what they are looking for. Always be well groomed. Use good time management skills. Understand telephone etiquette. Take time to explain procedures with the customer. Inform clients of any problems advising them of the steps being taken to fix the problem. Follow up to ensure the customer is happy if this is applicable. Be attentive and responsive. Provide service which is rewarding for the customers. Offer appropriate services to the customer. Offer complementary products and services if applicable. Be consistent and reliable. Provide clients with special needs with the best possible care. Be fair at all times to all customers no matter what age, race or ethnic background they have. Ensure that client records are kept up to date. Use equipment correctly and follow maintenance procedures. Report all incidents following work health and safety procedures. Follow waste and hazardous substance disposal as well as linen use and laundry procedures. Maintain knowledge of limitations of treatments, contraindications and conditions referring client to other practitioners if required. Ensure sufficient knowledge of the roles of nutritionists, dieticians, complementary therapists and medical practitioners. Provide specialised facial treatments

BASIC FACIAL EQUIPMENT
Preparation for the facial The facial treatment room must look appealing to the client, being well organised at a comfortable room temperature with soft lighting. You may like to have soft soothing music playing to encourage the feeling of a relaxation. BASIC FACIAL EQUIPMENT Facial couch for client Couch linen, pillow and blankets Hot and cold water basin Stool for operator to work from Trolley for products and equipment Facial steamer Products for treatment Salon gown Towels Head band or head cover Gauze, cotton wool and pads Tissues Spatulas Water bowls and facial sponges Disinfectant solution Electrical equipment Magnifying lamp Bin with liner and lid PREPARING THE CLIENT 1. Greet the client and show them into the treatment room 2. Consult with the client on their needs and assist them to complete the client consultation 3. Have the client remove all jewellery and store in a safe place 4. Allow the client to change into the salon gown, removing their shoes and ask them to lie on the prepared facial couch 5. Ensure the client is comfortable and secure on the couch. Tuck the bedding in and around the client, especially the feet 6. Place a towel across the client’s chest and fold the edge of the towel over the bedding 7. Place the clean headband, towel or cap on the client’s head 8. Lower any straps from undergarments if necessary 9. Wash your hands 10. View the client’s skin under the magnifying lamp Facial couch Magnifying lamp Provide specialised facial treatments

HANDS ON FACIAL PROCEDURE
Facial techniques Facials are one of the most popular beauty treatments to have in a beauty salon as they are both extremely beneficial for the skin as well as very relaxing. In a 'hands-on' treatment, there are no electrotherapy machines used. The facial procedure you perform will depend on the skin type of the client. You will need to vary the basic facial procedure according to the consultation you conducted with the client. HANDS ON FACIAL PROCEDURE 1. Analyse the skin to determine the products and procedures to be used. If eyebrow shaping is required it can be done at this time. 2. Cleanse the eye area. Apply eye make-up remover onto damp cotton pads and remove eye make-up . Follow the directions for product use as recommended by the manufacturer of the product brand you are using. 3. Cleanse the face and throat. Apply cleanser and remove. Follow the directions for product use as recommended by the manufacturer of the product brand you are using. 4. Steam the face. You can use warm moist towels if a steamer is not available. When using a steamer cover the client’s eyes with moistened cotton pads to protect the delicate skin around the eyes. You may need to use the ozone feature on the machine. Steam the face for the required length of time according to skin type. 5. Exfoliate the skin. Depending on the skin type and the product you are using, conduct a manual exfoliate. Follow the directions for product use as recommended by the manufacturer of the product brand you are using. 6. Extractions. Depending on the skin type it may be necessary to remove comedones at this point in the facial. Follow the necessary steps according to the client’s skin type. 7. Facial massage. Choose the appropriate massage cream or oil depending on the client’s skin type. The techniques used in this massage will also depend on the client’s skin. Massage face, throat and décolletage. Extremely oily skin should not be massaged. Provide specialised facial treatments

HANDS ON FACIAL PROCEDURE
7. Sponge off the remaining massage cream or oil. 8. Treatment masque. Apply the appropriate treatment masque according to the client’s skin type. Remove the masque following the directions for product use as recommended by the manufacturer of the product brand you are using. 9. Apply a skin freshener to the face using cotton pads. 10. Apply a moisturiser and eye cream according to the skin type. 11. Remove the head band and gently help the client off the couch. After lying down for one hour they may need your assistance. Allow the client to change into their clothing in private. 12. Discard all disposable materials according to salon environmental and health policies. 13. Replace lids on containers, sanitise items and tidy up the salon replacing items and used linen. Place used linen in the washing basket and close the lid. 14. Wash your hands. Infection control in a salon. Most infectious agents are microorganisms. These exist naturally everywhere in the environment. Microorganism such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and prions (proteins that cause deadly brain diseases) can be involved in either colonisation or infection. With colonisation, there is a sustained presence of replicating infectious agents on or in the body, without the production of an immune response or disease. With infection, invasion of infectious agents into the body results in an immune response, with or without symptomatic disease. Transmission of infectious agents requires the following elements; A source or reservoir of infectious agents. A mode of transmission. A susceptible host. Provide specialised facial treatments

Electric currents used in beauty therapy treatments In this unit you will be learning how electricity works when using electrical equipment in the electrotherapy treatments you provide to your clients. You will be learning; The properties of electrical currents and the forms in which they are used. The effects of electrical currents on the human body. How electrical equipment operates. The safety procedures that need to be followed when using electricity. Electricity. Electricity is the flow of electrical power or charge. It is both a basic part of nature and one of our most widely used forms of energy. Electricity is actually a secondary energy source, also referred to as an energy carrier. This means that we get electricity from the conversion of other sources of energy, such as coal, nuclear, or solar. These are called primary sources. The energy sources we use to make electricity can be renewable or non-renewable, but electricity itself is neither renewable nor non-renewable. Electricity is a form of energy involving the flow of electrons. All matter is made up of atoms and an atom has a centre, called a nucleus. The nucleus contains positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called neutrons. The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by negatively charged particles called electrons. The negative charge of an electron is equal to the positive charge of a proton and the number of electrons in an atom is usually equal to the number of protons. When the balancing force between protons and electrons is upset by an outside force, an atom may gain or lose an electron. When electrons are ‘lost’ from an atom, the free movement of these electrons constitutes an electric current. Provide specialised facial treatments

The nucleus The nucleus is surrounded by a field of electrons. Electrons, being negatively charged particles, move around the nucleus in defined ‘shells’ or orbitals which increase in energy levels the further they are out from the nucleus. The negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged protons in the nucleus because of the basic principle – opposite charges attract and like charges repel. In between the nucleus and the electrons is mostly space. The atom Elements. Matter is made up of different types of atoms. These types are called basic, or elementary groups and they are referred to as elements. An element is a pure substance where every atom has the same number of protons. Primarily, the number of protons in the nucleus determines the chemical and physical properties of each element. Element Symbol Hydrogen H Carbon C Nitrogen N Oxygen O Chlorine Cl Sodium Na The number of neutrons has little effect on the elements’ properties. There are over 100 different elements, each with a different number of protons. This number is called the atomic number. The atomic number is the number of protons an atom has. Internationally recognised symbols are used to represent elements. Each symbol consists of an upper case letter sometimes followed by a lower case letter. Provide specialised facial treatments

Elements continued There are over 100 elements and there are many millions of substances in existence. This is possible because atoms are able to combine in various ways to form new substances. Compounds are substances formed when two or more atoms of different elements are held together by their need for electrons. Where a discrete number of atoms, of the same or different elements, are bonded together to form a new substance, a molecule is formed. Electron configuration. The electrons in an atom are arranged in a series of orbits or ‘shells’ around the nucleus. Each ‘shell’ can contain a maximum number of electrons. Look at the diagram showing the electron configuration for the first three shells of an atom. Once a shell is full, the electrons must go into the next shell. Electrons will not go into the next shell unless the previous one is full. An example - carbon has 6 electrons. The first shell holds two leaving 4 in the second shell. This makes the electron configuration for carbon - 2,4. A molecule Electron configuration for the first three shells of an atom. Provide specialised facial treatments

* indicates full outer electron shell
FIRST TWENTY ELEMENTS * indicates full outer electron shell NAME SYMBOL ATOMIC NUMBER ELECTRON CONFIGURATION hydrogen H 1 Helium He 2 2* Lithium Li 3 2,1 Beryllium Be 4 2,2 Boron B 5 2,3 Carbon C 6 2,4 Nitrogen N 7 2,5 Oxygen O 8 2,6 Fluorine F 9 2,7 Neon Ne 10 2.8* Sodium Na 11 2,8,1 Magnesium Mg 12 2,8,2 Aluminium Al 13 2,8,3 Silicon Si 14 2,8,4 Phosphorus P 15 2,8,5 Sulphur S 16 2,8,6 Chlorine Cl 17 2,8,7 Argon Ar 18 2,8,8* Potassium K 19 2,,8,8,1 Calcium Ca 20 2,8,8,2 Elements such as helium, neon and argon that have a full outer shell are stable and very un-reactive because they do not seek extra electrons to fill their outer shell. They are referred to as inert or noble gases. Noble gas atoms rarely interact with other atoms. Other elements take part in chemical reactions in an attempt to gain, lose or share electrons in order to gain the stability of a full outer electron shell. Elements with the same number of electrons in their outer shell, such as lithium, sodium and potassium (one electron) have similar chemical properties and underline the importance of the electron configuration in determining the chemical nature of an element. Provide specialised facial treatments

Bonding Atoms react with each other in order to achieve a full or ‘balanced’ outer shell and thus attain maximum stability. This may occur in one of two ways depending on the electron configuration of the atoms and how close they are to having a full outer shell to begin with. The sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms – covalent bonding. The transfer of electrons from one atom to another – ionic bonding. One atom gains one or more electrons, the other loses one or more electrons. The new substance is called a compound. The type of bonding between the atoms affects the physical and chemical properties of the compound. Its properties will be quite different from those of each of the atoms involved. A compound is formed when two or more atoms bond together in a specific pattern. H2O – water. H2O2 – hydrogen peroxide. C6H12O6 – glucose. The molecules of each compound are made when a set number of atoms of the required elements are bonded together in a fixed pattern. If the pattern is changed, a new chemical compound is made. Covalent bonding. A covalent bond is a bond sharing one or more pairs of electrons, usually one from each atom in the bond. Atoms whose outer shell is only half full or more with electrons do not give up any of these electrons easily. Rather, they strive to gain extra electrons in order to achieve a full outer shell. Where all atoms fall into this category, the only way they can achieve this is by sharing outer shell electrons. In this way, each atom has access to the outer shell electrons of the other atom with which it has formed a bond. This type of bond is called a covalent bond. Two hydrogen atoms bonded together with a single pond. A single pair of electrons, one from each atom, is shared between two atoms A single bond can also be shown as a single line joining two atoms Provide specialised facial treatments

Double bond This is when four electrons are shared, two from each atom. Oxygen (O2) has a double bond between two oxygen atoms. This provides oxygen with eight electrons in its outer shell, giving each a full outer shell. Oxygen (O2) A double bond can also be shown as a double line joining atoms Nitrogen (N2) A triple bond where six electrons are shared, three from each atom Oxygen (O2) Ionic bonding. When an atom loses or gains an electron it forms a charged atom called an ion. Ions are charged because the number of protons no longer equals the number of electrons. Atoms with less than half a full outer shell of electrons may donate or lose electrons, therefore they have fewer electrons than the neutral atom and the number of protons exceeds the number of electrons. Cation is a positively charged ion, which has lost electrons, having more protons than electrons. This is represented as a positively charged atom in symbolic form. Atoms with more than half a full outer shell of electrons may accept or gain electrons. Anion is a negatively charged ion which has gained electrons, having more electrons than protons. Anion can reform back into a neutral atom by gaining or losing the required number of electrons. In beauty therapy treatments, iontophoresis is the process of using galvanic direct current to penetrate specific water soluble products containing ions into the skin. When the negative current is applied to the face, the ingredients containing negative ions are penetrated into the skin. When the positive current is applied to the skin, the ingredients containing positive ions are penetrated into the skin. Ampoules and serums are products that are prepared for iontophoresis. Provide specialised facial treatments

Principles of electricity Metallic bonding. Metals consist of large atoms with one, two or three outer shell electrons and include gold, silver and copper. Each atom shares these outer shell electrons allowing them to have access to a full outer shell. Metals are made up of positive ions surrounded by a ‘sea’ of free moving outer shell electrons. Pure metals may be composed of the one type of atom, all iron, all copper, all aluminium or all gold and all silver. They may also be a combination of different atoms (steel) being referred to as alloys. Because the outer shell electrons move freely around the atoms it gives metals the ability to be conductors of electricity. Not all metals are conductors. Metals that display extremely high resistance are called insulators, being very poor conductors. Conductors. Conductors are metals which have very few electrons in their outer shell and share these between all the atoms in the material. This allows these negatively charged particles to travel freely throughout the substance, meaning they can easily carry (conduct) electrical currents. This is why copper is used extensively in electrical wiring as a conductor. Insulators. Insulators are materials that have their outer shell electrons fixed in place by covalent bonds which means that the charge cannot move throughout the substance. Some common insulators are plastic, rubber and glass. Plastic is used as a protective coating around the conducting wires. Resistors. Electrical wires are produced from metals that have low resistance through which the flow of electricity is reduced but not halted. Materials that have high resistance produce low electron flow. Resistance is good for without it we could not convert electrical energy into other forms of energy. Resistance is measured in the unit of ohm Ώ. Screwdriver handles are coloured according to their degree of insulation. The higher the rating, the higher the voltage that can be tolerated before some conductions will occur. Provide specialised facial treatments

Principles of electricity Static electricity. Static electricity may occur when two material are rubbed together allowing the electrons to become dislodged from one material and transferred to another. This means that one material will have a greater attraction of electrons than the other giving an overall negative charge. The other material, which has lost the electrons will have an overall positive charge. This build up is called static electricity. Rubbing the materials together doesn’t make the charge, it simply separates negative and positive charges that exist within the materials. Static electricity builds up on all sorts of things. Most dust particles carry an electrical charge and therefore can be attracted to one another. The charged dust particles are attracted and cling to any surface that develops a charge. This can be electrical equipment, which directly carries electric current or a surface subjected to frictional forces, which result in a static electricity build-up. Static electricity hazards in the salon. Sparks are unpleasant. Fingertips discharge will give a large, unpleasant spark. Sparks can cause a mixture of flammable gas and air to ignite. Cleaning materials used in the salon such as methylated spirits and acetone are volatile and will burn if sparks are generated in their vicinity. Electrostatic discharges can damage micro-electronic equipment. Electrostatic discharges makes cleaning glass surfaces difficult. Electrostatic discharges attracts dust particles requiring general cleaning to occur more often. Prevention. Avoid having synthetic carpet in the salon or apply antistatic solution sprays to reduce static. Wear rubber soled shoes. Within the retail industry you will often sees cash register operators standing on rubber matting to reduce the possibility of static electricity. Touch something metal before touching a client. Place sensitive electronic equipment on an anti-static mat and ensure equipment is properly earthed. Provide specialised facial treatments

Principles of electricity Charge. All matter is made up of atoms and molecules containing charged particles called protons and electrons. The charge on the protons is positive while the charge on the electrons is negative. These charges are of equal if opposite in strength. Uncharged matter consists of equal numbers of protons and electrons and is electrically neutral. The unit to measure charge is called a coulomb (C). Once an object becomes charged it will exert a force called an electric field. The larger the charge, the stronger the force and the larger the electric field. When an object that has built up a static charge touches a metal fitting, it ‘discharges’ and is said to have been earthed. Many appliances are earthed which removes any accumulated charge from the equipment. The ability to attract electrons is called electrical potential. Objects that have a negative charge repel electrons and are described as having high electrical potential. Objects that have a positive charge attract electrons and are described as having low electrical potential. Volt. Between an object with high potential and one with low potential there exists a potential difference called a volt (V). Potential difference produces the electromotive force (EMF) to push the electrons in one direction. It is measured by a voltmeter. Electrical flow only occurs when there is a potential difference between the two objects. An object that is earthed has a zero potential. Energy. Energy is the capacity to make something work. Energy cannot be destroyed or created. It is transferred from one object to another and transformed from one form into another form. Electrical energy is energy stored in a difference in charge or carried in an electric current. Examples can be static electricity or power lines that carry electricity from power stations. Provide specialised facial treatments

Principles of electricity Electric current. The flow of negatively charged electrons is known as an electric current. The flow of electricity can only occur if there is; A source of electrical energy being an external power supply or a battery. A conductor containing charged electrons which move through the conductor. A potential difference along the conductor, measured in volts. A closed circuit. Electrons will flow from the negative toward the positive potential. The flow of electrons (current) is measured in amperes (A). Heat energy. Appliances that transform electrical energy into heat energy do so by using a resistor. All conductors have some resistance to the flow of electricity, which is felt when appliances ‘get hot’ as the current passes through it. Human skin acts as a resistor because it resits the passage of electricity through it. The application of electricity to the skin will result in a build up of heat. This warming effect can be used to increase blood circulation in the skin. Wet skin has less resistance than dry skin. Wires of known resistance are used to make the elements of infrared lamps so that just the right amount of electrical energy is transformed into heat. The filament in an incandescent light globe becomes white hot when a suitable current is passed through it. A vapourzone uses a heating element to heat the water and produce steam. Light energy environmental awareness. Incandescent globes use a lot of energy to create light. Fluorescent tubes are more efficient than incandescent globes. Halogen and krypton globes are an economical alternative to incandescent globes being 10 to 20% more energy efficient. Provide specialised facial treatments

Principles of electricity Circuits. A circuit consists of a number of electrical components connected together to form a conducting path and fulfilling a desired function such as providing light. The components form a continuous closed path, known as a closed circuit, through which a current can circulate. When the circuit is broken, as with a switch, it is called an open circuit. When the switch is closed the electrical piece of equipment is on. Lighting circuits are designed to supply a maximum current of 8 amps. Power circuits are designed to supply a maximum current of 15 amps. Mains electricity. Mains electricity is generated by power stations and supplied via electricity cables. The current is called A.C. (alternate current) and is pulled backwards and forwards through the circuit many times per second. A.C. current is called frequency and is measured in hertz (Hz). Power in Australia is 240 V A.C. at 50 Hz. D.C. (direct current) is a one way current that batteries and some generators produce. There is a steady flow of current in one direction and is very convenient for extra low voltage electronic circuits and portable electrical devices such as torches. Transformers are devices that change the voltage. Rectifiers convert A.C. current into D.C. when these devices are plugged into power. Some transformers contain rectifiers. A.C. wiring. The live wire fluctuates between negative and positive, making the current flow backwards and forwards throughout the circuit at 50 Hz. The on and off switch is connected to a live wire socket. The neutral wire is the wire that earths the electricity by connecting it to a metal plate buried in the ground. All buildings contain this metal earth plate. Because of this earthing, the current passes through the wire and it remains at zero potential. The earth wire is a safety wire that connects the metal components of the appliance to earth and prevents it becoming live if a fault develops. Provide specialised facial treatments

Principles of electricity Three pin plug. The three pin plug is commonly used in Australia although some equipment has only two pins. Two pin plugs are double insulated having a plastic enclosure and do not need to be earthed. Wire colours are; Live = brown. Neutral = blue. Earth = yellow and green or just green. Ohm’s law states that the intensity of a current depends on both the potential difference (volts) and the resistance to the current ohms. Short circuits. A low resistance path that bypasses the load is called a short circuit. They usually occur when there is a failure of the insulation around the wires conducting electricity to isolate that current to the conduction wire. Causes may be; Deterioration due to age or when wires become moist. Gnawing by insects or rodents. Incorrect wiring so that bare wires are exposed or touching each other. Wear around the plug when the socket is pulled out by the cord. For safety, fuses and circuit breakers should be installed in the meter box to prevent short circuit damage. Overloaded circuits. All wiring should be in parallel. As more loads are placed in a parallel circuit, more appliances being switched on, the current increases. When the current exceeds its limits (8 amps for lights and 15 amps for power) an overload occurs. The maximum current for one power point is 10 amps. Most power boards include an overload cut out switch which cuts off the power if it exceeds 10 amps. This is why it is important not to have too many appliances running off the one power board. Fuses and circuit breakers help to prevent overloaded circuits. Provide specialised facial treatments

Principles of electricity Electrical safety devices. A fuse contains a wire that melts if the current for which it is rated is exceeded. Fuses used for dedicated circuits set up solely for appliances that draw a high current (air conditioners), are usually enclosed cylinders that must be totally replaced when they ‘blow’. The fuses for power and lighting in a salon fuse box consists of a ceramic holder with fuse wire running through it. This wire is replaceable. Circuit breakers are often used instead of fuses which uses heat from an overload to ‘trip’ a switch. They also contain a coil that measures the amount of current passing through. Circuit breakers can be reset after ‘tripping’. Earth leakage circuit breakers known as safety switches. These are devices designed to protect against the severe effects of an electric shock. They detect any difference between the current leaving the power station and that returning. No leakage of current from the circuit means that both values are the same. Electrocution occurs when current passes from the circuit into a person so the current returning to the power station is reduced. The earth leakage circuit breaker will switch off the current in less than 30 milliseconds if an earth leakage of more than 30mA occurs. It does not prevent an electric shock but the duration of the shock is dramatically reduced. Surge protectors are devices designed to protect sensitive electronic equipment from a sudden voltage increase. Electrical energy. Electrical power is the rate of conversion of electrical energy into other forms of energy. It is measured in joules (J) and time in seconds (S), power is measured in joules per second or watts (W). The unit used for the measurement of power is the watt (W). A kilowatt (kW) is equal to 1000 watt. Electrical appliances should be labelled with the voltage at which it has been set to operate (240V in Australia) and its power of consumption in watts. Provide specialised facial treatments

Electrical safety in the salon Electric shocks happen when a person becomes part of an electrical circuit and the current flows through their body. Incidents with electricity are usually caused by a lack of experience, training or supervision, broken equipment or dangerous work conditions. It is the employer's responsibility to make sure electrical equipment is in good working order and regularly checked. What to look out for. Frayed or broken electrical cords. Very long leads. Overheating machines. Over loaded power boards. Water around plugs and electrical equipment. Staying safe. Always leave repairs to the experts. Use equipment properly. Check instructions and follow them. Report any faults straight away. Never touch electrical equipment with wet hands. Regularly check and clean the equipment that you use. Switch off appliances at the power point before you pull out the plug. Electrical equipment can still partially operate without being plugged in due to stored energy. When you turn off the main power supply, just leave the equipment switched on for a while to release the stored energy. Be careful of static charges as they can accumulate and jump out as an arc causing a fire. Keep electric leads tidy and away from furniture that can damage them. Report any breakdowns or faulty equipment to your boss. Salons should have residual current devices (safety switches) installed to reduce the risk of electric shock and electrocution. An electric shock can cause tissue damage under the skin Provide specialised facial treatments

SAFETY PRECUATIONS WHEN USING BEAUTY ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Workplace injuries Electrocution - nerves and blood vessels in the human body are very good conductors of electricity and when the body comes into contact with live wires electrocution may occur which can be fatal. Nerve injury, with resultant motor and sensory impairment often occurs after an electrical shock. Muscles are the most sensitive to electric shocks. The severity of the electric shock is not determined by the voltage alone, but depends on the intensity of the current, the path of the current through the body, the length of time the current is flowing and the type and frequency of the current. Burns - serious burns may occur from an electric shock due to the resistance of the skin, resulting in the conversion of electrical energy into heat energy known as a burn. Mechanical injury - moving parts of electrical equipment may shift during use and can cause damage to the body. Radiation - radiant energy from UV lamps, solariums, lasers and infrared lamps can cause damage to the tissues of the eye or the skin. Electromagnetic radiation can interfere with cardiac pacemakers. SAFETY PRECUATIONS WHEN USING BEAUTY ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT Know how to use the equipment. Read manufacturer’s operating manuals and safety data Ensure intensity setting of the equipment is set at zero before it touches the client’s body Observe any abnormal operation of electrical equipment when a client complains of discomfort, when there is a tingling sensation when touching the metal casing, when there is erratic behaviour of the equipment and if smoke, smell, heat or an abnormal hum comes from the equipment Check to see if the cords are in good order, that there are no damaged plugs or unprotected wires and that cords and plugs are not hot to touch during use Check that the fuse size is correct for the appliance or circuit Never touch plugs, switches or any electrical appliance with wet hands Electrical fires can occur if hot electrical equipment is placed near flammable liquids Don’t overload circuits with too many appliances. Use energy efficient equipment Provide specialised facial treatments

Electrotherapy equipment Electrotherapy is the use of electrical currents for beauty treatments. Direct current treatments are known as galvanic treatments. There are three major uses of direct current in beauty treatments. Iontophoresis. Disincrustation. Electrolysis. For an electrolytic process to occur there must be a direct current, a complete circuit, electrolytes (ions in a solution) and a pair of electrodes being a cathode and an anode. For a current to flow, both electrodes must be in contact with the solution (electrolytes). The electrode connected to the positive terminal of the power source has a positive charge and is called the anode and has a red plug and red cord. The electrode connected to the negative terminal of the power source has a negative charge and is called the cathode which has a black plug and black cord. The working electrode may be a roller, a ball or tweezer electrode while. The indifferent electrodes is usually a metal rod covered with a wet cloth which must be in contact with the client’s body while the machine is operating. Iontophoresis is the treatment used to infuse water based serums more deeply into the stratum corneum. The serums contain an equal number of positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions). Ions with the same charge as the working electrode are repulsed into the stratum corneum while ions with the opposite charge will be attracted to the electrode. There are two process involving iontophoresis. Cataphoreses - the working electrode is the anode, cations are repulsed into the stratum corneum. Anaphoresis - the working electrode is the cathode, anions are repulsed into the stratum corneum. The charge of the active ingredient in each product will determine which mode is used. Cataphoresis is most commonly used in beauty treatments. Provide specialised facial treatments

Disincrustation Disincrustation is a deep cleansing treatment for oily and congested skin. The alkali, sodium hydroxide, is formed under the cathode. Strong alkali have two affects on the skin; Saponification of lipids – sebum is converted into a soapy substance. Proteolysis – excessive keratin (protein) is broken down. Working together they will soften and remove excess sebum and keratinised cells, opening pores and removing blockages. Rebalancing. At the end of the disincrustation treatment the polarity of the electrodes is briefly reversed. The electrode that was the cathode now becomes the anode and vice versa. This is called rebalancing. Electrolysis. The galvanic method of permanent hair removal is called electrolysis. It works on the same principle as disincrustation using the build up of alkali at the cathode to destroy the germinal tissue at the base of the hair follicle. A current of about 0.2mA is passed through the circuit and a fine needle or probe is used for the electrolysis process. This has the effect of concentrating the alkali in a much smaller area, causing disruption of the cell membrane and destruction of protein, resulting in cell death. Provide specialised facial treatments

Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) Electrical muscle stimulation treatments are used in beauty therapy to improve muscle tone and improve blood circulation in the treatment area. The two treatments are; Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) or low frequency current. Interferential treatments use alternating current treatments. EMS. Electrodes are placed over the motor points of the muscle group to be exercised. When the stimulation is applied through the pads, the signal finds it way to these motor points and causes the muscle to expand and contract. The electrotherapy equipment uses low frequency current which is fluctuated to produce a series of pulses. This creates contractions when it is flowing and a relaxation when it is paused. The low frequency of pulses are emitted at a range of 0 – 100 hertz per second to produce a penetration of the pulses into the muscles. Another form of electrical stimulation is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and is used for pain control which may be incorporated into EMS machines. The numbers on the machine refer to the frequency of pulses per second. 40-60 is used on deeper muscles such as the gluteals - 90 is used on more superficial muscles and 120 is used on superficial muscles such as the face. The more rapid the frequency, the shallower the pulses travel into the tissue. Although EMS uses direct current, the polarity of the electrodes and the pulses can be reversed. Monophasic current flows in one direction only. This current is placed over the weaker muscle while the anode is placed over the stronger muscle. It is used to stimulate muscles on the non dominant side of the body. Biphais current is when each alternate pulse is reversed, the cathode becomes the anode and vice versa. Equally strong contractions are experienced below each electrode. It is used on muscles which have many motor points such as the gluteals. EMS machine Provide specialised facial treatments

Micro-current treatment Like EMS, micro-current treatments use interrupted direct current to produce low frequency pulses, but at a lesser intensity of the EMS current. Micro-current intensity is measure in microamps. This treatment is also often referred to as a “non-surgical facelift”. It stimulates regeneration of skin and muscle tissue by producing a “lifting” effect for ageing skin which lacks elasticity. Direct current treatments use electrodes or probes in pairs. The electrodes for micro-current treatments are; Rollers, like those used in some galvanic machines. Rubber backed pads, similar to those used for EMS. Long metal probes, either joined together or separate. The chemical reactions under each electrode are the same as for galvanic treatments and many micro-current machines. Micro current machine Alternating current treatments. Alternating current treatments have two main advantages over direct current in beauty therapy treatments. As the polarity of the electrodes alternates, the current changes direction, so there is no chemical build up and therefore no risk of irritation or chemical skin burns. The resistance of the skin to medium and high frequency A.C. is easily overcome so controlled stimulation of nerve cells and muscles with low intensity currents is possible. Low frequency A.C. ( Hz). Medium frequency A.C. ( ,000 Hz). Interferential treatment. Two separate medium frequency currents with intersecting pathways are applied to the skin. Where the two currents pathways intersect, a zone of low frequency is created. The frequency of one current is kept constant, while the second current is varied. Where the two currents intersect, their frequencies cancel each other out, leaving only the difference between them. Provide specialised facial treatments

High frequency A.C. High frequency machines put out an alternating current of about 250,000 Hz. This rapid movement is realised as heat having a warming affect on the body. Only one electrode is required for high frequency treatments. Direct high frequency. The word ‘direct’ is used to describe the type of high frequency treatment where the therapist holds the electrode, unlike indirect high frequency where the client holds the electrode. Direct high frequency relies on the build up of charge on a glass electrode. The electrode is filled with a gas that becomes charged with a high frequency current. The glass electrode is a poor electrical conductor but when sufficient charge has built up inside the electrode, it discharges, producing the characteristic sparking seen in direct high frequency treatments. The gentle movement of the electrode over the skin is sometimes referred to as effluvation. The intensity should only be turned up from zero when the electrode is in contact with the client’s skin and turned back to zero before removing the electrode. Capacitance. This is the amount of charge stored between two conductors for each volt of potential difference. It is a means of storing charge. Indirect high frequency. This is also known as Viennese Massage. It uses indirect high frequency where the electrode is held by the client. The most common electrode is the mushroom electrode named because it looks like a mushroom. Diathermy. Diathermy is used to remove couperose. The needle is inserted at the end of the affected capillary where the localised heating coagulates the blood and seals the vessel. High frequency machine Provide specialised facial treatments

Infrared radiation Radiant heat lamps. These lamps, operating at around 200W, have a tungsten filament that produces a range of wavelengths. These infrared waves usually range from 2 to 25 microns in wavelength. The silver reflector at the back directs the light forward. Red glass at the front stops all radiation except infrared and red light. Infrared heat radiates heat directly to an object but does not cause the air around the object to get warm. Infrared heat is also called radiant heat. Once plugged into an electrical outlet, the lamp will heat up and will emit radiation that can easily be absorbed by the body. Facial steamers. Facial steamers contain a high pressure mercury vapour tube in which the electrical current ionises the vapour. High frequency electrodes ionises the vapour, forcing outer shell electrons out of their orbits. As they return, the energy is converted into UV light. The UV ionises the oxygen in the surrounding air. Ultraviolet radiation - UVA, UVB and UVC. UVC is the least penetrating but the most dangerous as it involves the most energy. UVA has the lowest energy but the deepest penetration. UVB is used in the treatment of Psoriasis on the skin. LED - light therapy. LED, light emitting diode technology, is used to heal skin conditions during a light therapy session. It is ideal because it emits low level power that does not irritate or burn the skin. LED is effective for healing surface wounds and treating other skin conditions like psoriasis, eczema, fine lines and sun spots. LED uses concentrated light that flashes very rapidly. Atomic theory. In chemistry and physics, atomic theory is a scientific theory of the nature of matter, which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms. Provide specialised facial treatments

Sonophoresis Sonophoresis uses ultrasound technology to provide a deep cleansing mode, and deep absorption of active ingredients into the skin’s deeper layers. Ultrasonic sound wave machines emit ultrasonic low frequency sound waves to permeate into the deep texture of the skin with warmth, micro-vibration, and cavitation, for a revitalising effect. It can be applied equally to surface tissues (like skin) or deeper tissue such as muscle and fat deposits. Vibrations: The photon wavelengths of a specific spectrum can be an all natural, safe and innovative way to fight acne, blemishes, wrinkles. Warming: Warmth is produced by vigorous friction of the molecules in high-speed vibration enhance the skins texture as well as reducing discomfort and and promoting healing. Cavitation: The effects of ultrasound on fluids such as cleansers and moisturisers assist with the absorption and dissolving of nutrients in beauty products. The ultrasound wave works to increase blood supply, stimulate the nerves and soften the tissues. It is a safe therapy as long as the device is used properly. The contraindications for the use of this treatment include pregnancy and electrical medical devices. Provide specialised facial treatments

Correct use of electrical equipment in beauty treatments The products you choose will be determined by; The assessment of the skin. Previous treatments. The electrical equipment to be used. Products necessary for use with the electrical equipment. The choice of electrical equipment used will be determined by; The client’s concerns and the expected results from the treatment. Manufacturer’s instructions. Health and safety considerations. Identifying electrical equipment. The knowledge you need to have about electrical equipment is; Type of current used. Voltage – high and low. Recommended maximum current intensity. Selected client intensity. Recommended application time. Selected application time. Cleaning of electrical equipment. Wipe machine and attachments with a disinfectant soaked disposable cloth. Place in secure hygienic storage area. Always follow health and hygiene legislation and workplace policies. Electric shocks. Electric shock occurs when an electric current flows through the body. The human body is made up of 60% to 70% water. This makes it a good conductor of electricity. Burns, damage to internal organs, heart rhythm problems, and death can result from electric shock. Signs & Symptoms. ·Shocking sensations. Numbness or tingling. A change in vision, speech, or in any sensation. ·Burns or open wounds. These occur where the electricity enters and exits the body. ·Muscle spasms or contractions. ·Sudden immobility or fractures. A body part may look deformed. ·Interrupted breathing. Irregular heartbeats or chest pain. ·Seizures. ·Unconsciousness. Provide specialised facial treatments

Flammable substances used in the beauty industry Methylated spirits - active ingredient is Ethyl alcohol. Highly flammable. Classified as hazardous according to the criteria of Safe Work Australia. Classified as dangerous goods according to Australian Dangerous Goods Code. Store away from ignition sources in a cool well ventilated area below 25ºC. Always replace lid on container after use. Avoid contact with heat, sparks open flames, smoking and static discharge. Wear the protective clothing of gloves, goggles and apron and avoid generating mists. This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Disposal of this product should at all times comply with requirements of environmental protection and waste disposal legislation as well as requirements by local authorities. Acetone. Highly Flammable. Use in well ventilated areas away from all ignition sources. Always replace lid on container after use. Avoid exposure to static charges when using product. Store in tightly closed containers in cool, dry, isolated and well ventilated areas away from heat, sources of ignition and incompatibles. Store away from oxidising agents. Smoking must be prohibited in all areas where acetone is used. Avoid contact with heat, sparks, flame and build-up of static electricity. Wear protective clothing, gloves, goggles and apron to prevent skin contact. Always wash hands before smoking, eating, drinking or using the toilet. Wash contaminated clothing and other protective equipment before storing or re-using. Product must be contained and not disposed to sewerage systems, drains or waterways. Dispose of all waste containers and used drums in accordance with local authority guidelines. Provide specialised facial treatments

Steaming equipment A steam machine is incorporated into a “hands-on” facial during or after cleansing, to open up the pores and allow a deeper cleansing action. Although a steam machine is a type of electrotherapy machine, it is not considered to be invasive enough to be considered electrotherapy. There are several types of electrotherapy machines and their use depends on what treatment the skin requires for the different skin types. Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using any machines in beauty treatments. Facial steamer - this piece of equipment is also called a vapourzone. It heats distilled or demineralised water and produces a stream of warm steam which helps to soften the skin’s tissue, making it more accepting of treatments products. Steam also helps to relax and soften comedones and clogged follicles making them easier to remove. The vapourzone has a disinfecting, antibacterial action on the skin which normalises the pH and promotes healing of blemished skin. Ozone steaming - most models of facial steamers have an ozone included for additional benefits. Ozone is used in anti-bacterial treatments for seborrhoea and acne conditions. It activate the circulation of the subcutaneous vessels and provides oxygen. Ozone is produced in the head of the equipment through a quartz tube high pressure mercury lamp over which the water vapour passes and become ionized. Ozone can be destructive causing skin tissue damage from over exposure if used for prolonged periods. Facial steamer or vapourzone Provide specialised facial treatments

Prematurely aged skin Electrical equipment to assist prematurely aged skin. Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) or low frequency current. Micro-current neuromuscular stimulation (MENS). Both methods require the client to have a course of treatments in order to be effective. They differ in the type of current used and the techniques of application. Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS). This is a passive and gentle form of exercise for the skin. The muscles can be stimulated, without the conscious effort of the skin, made by contact with an electrical current being passed along them. The current has no harmful effects on the body if the procedure is carried out correctly. It tightens sagging muscles in the face to improve skin tone, giving a younger appearance. It is also known as “non surgical face lift”. The equipment uses direct current with a low voltage and low intensity which is fluctuated to produce a series of pulses. These pulses are emitted at a speed of 120 hertz per second to produce a shallow penetration of the pulses into the superficial muscles of the face. The pulses cause the muscles to contract through nerve stimulation. Effects of the contractions. Shortening of muscles to improve muscle tone. Contraction of muscles, creating pressure on blood vessels to improve blood flow and cellular metabolism. Increases lymph flow to remove toxins. Improves facial contours. Improves skin texture, tone and colour. In order to be effective, the client will need twelve treatments, beginning with three a week for two weeks followed by two a week for three weeks, then twice monthly for maintenance treatment. Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using the machine. Provide specialised facial treatments

Micro-current neuromuscular stimulation (MENS) This treatment is also often referred to as a “non-surgical facelift”. It stimulates regeneration of skin and muscle tissue by producing a “lifting” effect for ageing skin which lacks elasticity. It uses a galvanic type current which is pulsed to produce a low frequency. Effects of the treatment. Speeds up cellular activity and regeneration. Assists with toxin removal. Increase lymph flow and improves skin tone and texture. Smoothes deep lines and wrinkles. Tightens slackened muscle fibres. Improves collagen production. Contraindications for this treatment. Clients with a pacemaker or those who have a heart condition. Clients who have metal plates or pins in their body. Epilepsy. Infected acne and skin diseases. Scar tissue. Sunburn. Pregnancy. FORMATIVE 1. WATCH VIDEO ON EMS FACIAL TREATMENT PROCEDURES. Micro current machine Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using the machine. Provide specialised facial treatments

Brushing machine Skin brushing is a form of exfoliation and is used during or after a steam treatment. It helps remove dead skin cells from the skin’s surface and stimulates blood circulation. This machine has a rotating electric appliance with interchangeable brushes which are attached to the rotating head. Large and stiff brushes are used in back treatments while small and soft brushes are used on the face. Before using the machine it is necessary to apply a thick layer of cleanser or moisturiser to prevent the brushes from scratching the face. It is essential to disinfect the brushes after using on a client. Contraindications to using a brushing machine. Clients using drugs that thin or exfoliate the skin. Rosacea. Sensitive skin. Pustular acne. Skin inflammation. Skin redness. With alpha hydroxy acid treatments. With microdermabrasion machines. Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using the machine. Brushing machine and brushes Provide specialised facial treatments

Vacuum and spray machine The vacuum applications of this machine is suitable for prematurely ageing skin. The amount of suction is adjusted according to the skin’s natural elasticity. It helps to release wrinkles from their underlying adhesions so that they become shallower. Most vacuum machines also have an outlet for emitting a fine spray. Sprays are often used to hydrate the skin and to remove masque treatments. A vacuum unit consists of; An electrically driven vacuum pump. A mains control switch. A gauge which registers the amount of reduced pressure produced. A control dial for increasing or decreasing the amount of pressure required to treat the different tissues of the face. Accessory items – different sized cups for suction and application for spraying liquid. Contraindications for vacuum treatment. Delicate sensitive areas of fine and thin skin. Capillary damage. Loose skin. Skin infections, cuts, abrasions and bruising. Diabetes. Recent scar tissue. Sunburn or windburn. Glandular swelling. Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using the machine. Vacuum and spray machine Provide specialised facial treatments

Galvanic machine This machine uses direct electrical currents to treat skin conditions. Depending on the active product being used, this will help reduce spots and blemishes or to help infuse active ingredients deeper into the skin. An electrode is an applicator for directing the electric current from the machine to the client’s skin. High frequency machines have only one electrode. Galvanic machines have two electrodes – an anode which has a red plug and red cord and an cathode which has a black plug and black cord. Galvanic treatment for oily, blemished and acne skin types. Galvanic current is used in a disincrustation treatment on oily, blemished and acne skin types. It softens and emulsifies hardened sebum stuck in follicles such as open comedones, closed comedones and milia. Disincrustation products are alkaline fluids or gels that act as solvents for the hardened sebum making their removal easier. When the negative pole of the galvanic machine is applied to the face over a disincrustation product, the current forces the product deeper into the follicle. The current also produces a chemical reaction that helps to loosen the impacted sebum. Method of using galvanic machine in disincrustation. Wrap both electrodes in wet cotton. When conducting a disincrustation treatment the active electrode, being the cathode, negative electrode, is applied to the oily areas of the face for 3 to 5 minutes. The anode, positive electrode, is held by the client in their right hand. After the disincrustation process is completed, sebum deposits can easily be extracted with gentle pressure. Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using the machine. Galvanic machine Provide specialised facial treatments

Safety precautions against galvanic burns Actions to prevent burns;
A galvanic burn occurs through a misuse of the galvanic current machine. The burn may appear red at first and will later turn grey and weepy. If the burn is deep enough to reach the bone it is called a galvanic bone burn. Both of these burns usually appear under the cathode. Causes of galvanic burns. Uneven application and movement of electrodes. Over treatment. Inadequate cover on active electrode. Applying the electrode in one position for too long. Holding the electrode on its side. Skin drying out. Safety precautions against galvanic burns Actions to prevent burns; Check; Ensure the active electrode is well covered with damp cotton wool and gauze For contraindication to the treatment Ensure the inactive electrode is well covered with no wrinkles and is held firmly in place That the machine intensity dial is at zero Ensure the electrode is held flat on the skin That the active and inactive electrodes are on correct charge Do not use too high an intensity The correct procedure for applying the product Do not work too long on one area That the active electrode is place on the cheek before turning on the machine Do not allow the skin to dry out beneath the electrode. If necessary drip water onto the skin if there is no product remaining That you gradually turn on the intensity while maintaining electrode contact using gently circling movements Provide specialised facial treatments

Iontophoresis Iontophoresis is the process of using galvanic direct current to penetrate specific water soluble products containing ions into the skin. When the negative current is applied to the face, the ingredients containing negative ions are penetrated into the skin. When the positive current is applied to the skin, the ingredients containing positive ions are penetrated into the skin. Ampoules and serums are products that are prepared for iontophoresis. It is the most suitable direct current treatment for red, flushed skin. Contraindications for this treatment. Loss of skin sensation, which may lead to over treatment. Recent scare tissue as thickened skin will require a high intensity and may cause soreness. Skin diseases, cuts and abrasions. Heart conditions and those with pace makers and low blood pressure. Epilepsy, diabetes and migraine sufferers. Clients who have metal plates or pins in their body. Pregnancy and highly vascular conditions. Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using the machine. FORMATIVE 2. WATCH VIDEO ON IONTOPHORESIS PROCEDURE. Provide specialised facial treatments

High frequency machine A high frequency machine has electrodes made of glass which contain different types of gas. One of these gases is neon which lights as a colour when current is flowing through the electrode. The most common electrode is the mushroom electrode named because it looks like a mushroom. High frequency can be applied directly to the skin, known as direct application, or the electrode can be held by the client during treatment. This creates an electrical stimulating massage, known as indirect massage or Viennese massage. Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using the machine. Functions of high frequency. 1. Accelerates blood circulation, strengthens lymph action, supplies nutrition to the skin and gets rid of toxic substances from the skin. 2. Strengthens metabolism of cells, helping the skin to breath and excrete toxins. 3. Brings heat to skin fibres, improving skin condition which assists nutrition to enter into the skin. 4. Sterilises and diminishes inflammation promoting wounds to heal up and strengthens the skin’s immunity. 5. Improves the moisture balance of the skin. 6. Calms sensory nerve endings. Contraindications of high frequency treatments. Epilepsy, asthma and extreme vascular conditions. Skin diseases, cuts, abrasions and sensitive skin. Diabetes, sinusitis and heart conditions. Metal plates and pins in the head. Migraine sufferers. Pregnancy. Sufferers of oily skin as indirect frequency stimulates sebaceous activity. High frequency machine FORMATIVE 3. WATCH VIDEO ON HIGH FREQUENCY PROCEDURE. Provide specialised facial treatments

Micro-dermabrasion Micro-dermabrasion works by gently exfoliating the outer epidermal layer, removing dead skin cells. Pure, sugar-fine mineral crystals gently sweep away the damaged surface cells to encourage the skin's natural renewal process. Micro-dermabrasion can reduce fine lines and wrinkles and helps in the fading of age spots and other superficial skin damage caused by the sun. It stimulates blood flow, which increases the nutrition delivered to skin cells, improving cell production and the skin’s elasticity and texture. The time it takes to achieve skin cell renewal will vary from person to person, depending upon various factors which include; Age. Condition of the skin at the time of application. Skin conditions such as acne and rosacea. Mount of sun exposure. Natural facial pigmentation. Micro-dermabrasion machine With the removal of the dead skin cells, the skin is more likely to gain significant benefits from skin care products applied to it. Micro-dermabrasion temporarily removes some of the skin’s natural moisture so it should always be followed by the application of rich moisturisers. Scientific studies continue to explore the benefits and dangers of micro-dermabrasion. Some suggest that repeated use of the process causes rapid loss of skin moisture, which may trigger the lower layers of the skin to grow and mature at a much faster pace, moving them more rapidly to the skin’s surface. Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using the machine. FORMATIVE 4. WATCH VIDEO ON MICRO-DERMABRASION PROCEDURE. Provide specialised facial treatments

Contraindications to micro-dermabrasion Before using microdermabrasion on a client ensure that they have checked with their doctor before commencing the treatment. Micro-dermabrasion should not be used on skin that has; Recent sunburn. Advanced age (over the age of 80). Dermatitis. Eczema. Extensive hyperpigmentation. Excessively sensitive skin. Herpes. Lupus. Open sores. Rosacea. Nervous clients. Severe skin conditions. Skin lesions. Vascular lesions. Widespread acne. LED - light therapy LED, light emitting diode technology, is used to heal skin conditions during a light therapy session. It is ideal because it emits a low level power that does not irritate or burn the skin. LED is effective for healing surface wounds and treating other skin conditions like psoriasis, eczema, fine lines and sun spots. LED uses concentrated light that flashes very rapidly. In facial treatments LED therapy; -Minimises redness and warms lower level tissue. -Stimulates blood flow and improves skin smoothness. -Improves acne prone skin. The type and colour of the light varies according to the treatment. Red lights are used to treat ageing skin and blue light is used for acne prone skin. LED light therapy is relatively safe however if the client suffers from seizure disorders they should not have the treatment. A session usually commences with a microdermabrasion procedure. Specific lights are then beamed at areas to be treated for a few minutes. Depending on the client’s age, skin tone, diet and lifestyle, results may be observed immediately or after a series of sessions held one week apart. Some client’s may need 6 to 8 sessions to see dramatic results on their skin. In between sessions, the client should apply a skin care regime to compliment and boost the effects of the LED light therapy sessions. Maintenance treatment may also follow at least once or twice a month. Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using the machine. Provide specialised facial treatments

Safety when using electrical equipment Only purchase well made, sturdy equipment with a good reliable reputation for quality results. Ensure that it is easy to clean and maintain. Thermostatically controlled equipment is the best to purchase as it reduces the risk of accidents occurring because of its automatic cut-off switch. Ensure that you have proper training in how to use the equipment safely before using it on a client. Equipment should be professionally installed and checked to prevent overloading. Avoid using double adaptors when using electrical equipment. If a fault develops, turn the equipment off, check plugs and fuses and call an electrician. Equipment must be regularly serviced and tested according to quality standards. Ensure the correct placement of machines so there are no trailing leads which can cause tripping. Hot equipment should be placed in a secure position and if necessary add a warning notice. Follow manufacturer’s instructions in all aspects of safe use of the equipment. Lamps should not be left on over reflective surfaces. Work safe practices. Check that all dials on the equipment are at zero before commencing. Prepare equipment and check for any potential faults. Test temperature and adjust to client requirements. Store machines on a sturdy safe trolley. Keep all electrical equipment away from water. Do not use electrical equipment with wet hands. Do not allow the client to touch the machine unless they have been asked. Adverse reactions. Always ask your client how they are feeling as the treatment is being conducted. Should your client find discomfort or have a reaction to the treatment STOP immediately. Do not use brushing machines or mechanical peeling techniques on; Skin with visible capillaries. Skin that reddens easily. Older skin that is thin. Skin being medically treated. Skin with inflamed papules and pustules. Provide specialised facial treatments

Identify appropriate electrical equipment It is essential that you know how to use the salon products with the electrical equipment in your facial treatments. The products you choose will be determined by; The assessment of the skin. Previous treatments. The electrical equipment to be used. Products necessary for use with the electrical equipment. The choice of electrical equipment used will be determined by; The client’s skin type and the expected results from the treatment. Manufacturer’s instructions. Health and safety considerations. Identifying electrical equipment. The knowledge you need to know about electrical equipment is; Type of current used. Voltage – high and low. Recommended maximum current intensity. Selected client intensity. Recommended application time. Selected application time. Safety Data Sheets for cleaning products must be kept in areas where disinfectants and sterilants are stored. A beauty salon needs to check with their local Occupational Health and Safety department for relevant requirements. Cleaning of electrical equipment. Wipe machine and attachments with a disinfectant soaked disposable cloth. Place in secure hygienic storage area. Always follow health and hygiene legislation and workplace policies. Provide specialised facial treatments

Treatment for prematurely aged, dry skin Prematurely aged skin means that the client looks older than they actually are. It is affected by decreased cell renewal where fewer new cells are replacing old ones. When dead skin cells are not shed rapidly, the skin looks dry, dull and wrinkled. Causes of skin ageing prematurely can be; Sun damage or solar elastoses, where collagen and elastin have broken down due to over exposure of ultra-violet exposure. This can be natural sunlight or sun tanning beds. Medication and illness. Prolonged stress. Smoking and excessive alcohol abuse. Hereditary, where the rate of ageing is inherited to some extent. Climate, being exposure to extreme weather conditions. Poor diet. Skin dehydration, although this may be only a temporary condition. Massage for ageing skin. Massage prior to using electrical equipment for ageing skin helps to warm and relax the muscles. It increases blood flow, reducing the skin’s resistance to the electrical current. The massage movements should lift the muscles, soothe and smooth lines and wrinkles and provide a comforting feeling to the client. Concentrate on the areas where there is a visible loss of muscle tone. Avoid placing pressure on the trachea at the front of the throat and the eye area where the skin is thin and should not be stretched. Ensure that the movements are rhythmic and have repetition and pressure for the amount of; Elasticity in the skin and the skin’s general condition. Subcutaneous fat in the skin. Relaxation the client requires. Provide specialised facial treatments

FACIAL PROCEDURE FOR PREMATURELY AGED AND/OR DRY SKIN
1. Analyse the skin to determine the products and procedures to be used. A skin scanner machine can be used if available. 2. Cleanse the eye area. Apply make-up remover onto damp cotton pad and remove eye make-up. Follow the directions for suitable product use on aged and dry skin as recommended by the manufacturer. 3. Cleanse the face and throat. Follow the directions for suitable product use on aged and dry skin as recommended by the manufacturer. 4. Steam the face. Cover the client’s eyes with moistened cotton pads to protect the delicate skin around the eyes. Steam the face for 5 minutes. 5. Exfoliate the skin. You can conduct a manual exfoliation during or after the steaming with a mild granular exfoliating product designed for aged and dry skin. Gently massage with light circular movements. Remove with damp soft facial sponges. You can also use a microdermabrasion machine to exfoliate the skin. 6. Facial massage. Apply the recommended massage product for aged and dry skin and conduct a facial massage to include throat and shoulders. Wipe off excess product with damp soft sponges upon completion of massage. 7. Can use electrotherapy treatments; Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS). Galvanic machine. Sonophoresis – sound waves enable deeper penetration of ingredients into the skin. The sound waves create cavitation, being vertical open channels, that allow the ingredients to enter the skin transdermally. It uses galvanic ultra sound waves providing 4,000 times better penetration. High frequency. Galvanic roller. Provide specialised facial treatments

FACIAL PROCEDURE FOR PREMATURELY AGED AND/OR DRY SKIN
8. Treatment masque. Apply the appropriate masque for aged and dry skin. Cover the client eyes with cotton pads and leave the masque on according to manufacturer’s instructions. Remove following product manufacturer’s instructions. 9. Apply skin freshener suitable for aged and dry skin. 10. Apply appropriate skin moisturiser and eye cream. 11. Remove the head band and gently help the client off the couch. After lying down for one hour they may need your assistance. Allow the client to change into their clothing in private. 12. Discard all disposable materials according to salon environmental and health policies. 13. Replace lids on containers, sanitise items and tidy up the salon replacing items and used linen. Place used linen in the washing basket and close the lid. 14. Wash your hands. FORMATIVE 5. WATCH THE SERIES OF VIDEOS ON FACIAL PROCEDURES FOR PREMATURELY AGED AND/OR DRY SKIN. Provide specialised facial treatments

Treatment for skin suffering erythema Erythema is redness of the skin caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin and can be a result of exposure to UVA, UVB and UVC rays coming from the sun. It is seen as red, flushed skin due to dilated and broken capillaries. With erythema, the skin temperature is raised. The dilated capillaries are a result of vaso-dilation which occurs when blood capillaries expand to allow greater quantities of blood to flow through them. When capillaries continually dilate they become weak which causes them to expand and eventually break. Diathermy, laser and sclerotherapy can treat broken capillaries. This skin type is regarded as sensitive as it usually reacts to irritants or strong products. All skin treatments should be aimed at desensitising and decongesting the skin to reduce the redness and strengthen the capillaries. Using products that soothe and hydrate the area will create an immediate improvement. Erythema can be caused by; Products that are too strong and may contain alcohol. Inadequate moisturising of the skin. Inherited sensitivity and allergic reactions. Delicate and fine skin. Over exposure to ultraviolet light. Massage for red, flushed skin. The massage techniques of effleurage, roll patting and gentle static movements will calm nerve endings and create a relaxing feeling for the client. Do not use petrissage or tapotement movements as these will only cause more redness. Perform all movements slowly and with minimal pressure. The length of massage will depend on the skin’s reaction. Spend more time on the neck and shoulders. Use a light massage oil which will not drag the skin. Do not use a mineral oil as it has a heating action which over stimulates the skin. Iontophoresis with an ampoule or serum is the most suitable direct current treatment for red, flushed skin however only use electrical equipment if the skin’s sensitivity is not too severe. Provide specialised facial treatments

FACIAL PROCEDURE FOR RED, FLUSHED SENSITIVE SKIN
1. Analyse the skin to determine the products and procedures to be used. A skin scanner machine can be used if available. 2. Cleanse the eye area. Apply make-up remover onto damp cotton pad remover and remove eye make-up. Follow the directions for suitable product use on sensitive skin as recommended by the manufacturer. 3. Cleanse the face and throat. Follow the directions for use of cleanser on sensitive skin as recommended by the manufacturer. 4. Facial massage. Apply the recommended massage product for sensitive skin and conduct a facial massage to include throat and shoulders. Wipe off excess product with damp soft sponges upon completion of massage. 5. Apply appropriate masque as directed by product manufacturer. Can use masque with electrotherapy galvanic machine. Iontophoresis - infusion of an alginate masque. Apply and leave the masque on according to manufacturer’s instructions. Remove as instructed by product manufacturer. 6. Apply eye crème and skin moisturiser. 7. Remove the head band and gently help the client off the couch. After lying down for one hour they may need your assistance. Allow the client to change into their clothing in private. 8. Discard all disposable materials according to salon environmental and health policies. 9. Replace lids on containers, sanitise items and tidy up the salon replacing items and used linen. Place used linen in the washing basket and close the lid. 10. Wash your hands. FORMATIVE 6. WATCH THE A SERIES OF VIDEOS ON FACIAL TREATMENTS FOR RED SENSITIVE SKIN. Provide specialised facial treatments

Treatment for seborrhoea and acne skin Deep cleansing of these skin types is vital to reduce the build up of dead skin cells and hardened oil in the follicles. Seborrhoea usually diminishes with age although the skin may be left with surface damage such as visible open pores. A seborrheic skin is recognised by enlarged pores, shiny oily surface, a thick, sallow dull appearance with comedones. Acne vulgaris, known as acne, is a common skin disease having seborrhoea, comedones, papules, pustules, cysts, nodules and possibly scarring. Acne rosacea is seen as; Oily, shiny skin with flushing, especially on the nose, cheeks and forehead. In men, there may be a gross enlargement of the sebaceous glands of the nose known as rhinophyma (strawberry nose). Papules, but very few pustules unless the acne is very severe. No comdeones. Treatment objectives for; Seborrheic skin requires treatments to reduce the oil level. A mature acne skin requires treatments to minimise the visual appearance of scarring and uneven pigmentation. An acned skin requires careful deep cleansing and healing. Enzyme peels. The enzymes in this product dissolve dead skin cells and remove them from the skin. The product should be applied whilst the facial steamer is on the face. Use the ozone setting on the steamer as it has an antibacterial and germicidal action on the skin. On an acne skin, the peel must be gently removed with damp cotton pads and warm water to prevent breakage of pustules. Do not conduct extractions prior to disincrustation as the open pore may attract the current. Perform extractions after steaming and after disincrustation and follow with high frequency to reduce the likelihood of cross contamination. Provide specialised facial treatments

FACIAL PROCEDURE FOR SEBORRHOEA AND ACNE SKIN
1. Analyse the skin to determine the products and procedures to be used. A skin scanner machine can be used if available. 2. Cleanse the eye area. Apply make-up remover onto damp cotton pad remover and remove eye make-up. Follow the directions for suitable product use on seborrhoea and acne as recommended by the manufacturer. 3. Cleanse the face and throat. Apply cleanser and remove. Follow the directions for use of cleanser on seborrhoea and acne skin as recommended by the manufacturer. 4. Can use electrotherapy galvanic machine for disincrustations using positive galvanic current. 5. Steam the face with TCA (Trichloracetic acid) peel applied. Cover the client’s eyes with moistened cotton pads to protect the delicate skin around the eyes. Steam the face for 5 minutes. 6. Extraction of comedones. Use latex gloves when extracting comedones. Apply damp cotton pad over the client’s eyes to avoid the light from the magnifying lamp. Cover your fingers with cotton and whilst looking through the magnifying lamp, place your middle fingers on either side of the comedone, stretching the skin. Push your fingers down to reach underneath the follicle and then gently squeeze. Apply the same technique to all sides of the blocked follicle and press out the comedone. If the comedone does not easily come out, leave it there until the next treatment. Never squeeze with your fingernails. 7. Acne skin should never be massaged however if the skin condition is not extreme, apply a massage fluid designed for oily and combination skin types as instructed by the product manufacturer. Only use light massage movements as you do not want to stimulate the oil glands. Provide specialised facial treatments

FACIAL PROCEDURE FOR SEBORRHOEA AND ACNE SKIN
8. Treatment masque. Electrotherapy equipment can be galvanic machine using sonophoresis – sound waves infusing masque into the skin. Follow treatment timing and instruction according to manufacturers’ directions. Remove masque as instructed by product manufacturer. 9. Apply skin toner. 10. Apply appropriate skin moisturiser. 11. Remove the head band and gently help the client off the couch. After lying down for one hour they may need your assistance. Allow the client to change into their clothing in private. 12. Discard all disposable materials according to salon environmental and health policies 13. Replace lids on containers, sanitise items and tidy up the salon replacing items and used linen. Place used linen in the washing basket and close the lid. 14. Wash your hands. FORMATIVE 7. WATCH THE SERIES OF VIDEOS ON FACIAL PROCEDURES FOR SEBORRHOEA AND ACNE SKIN. Provide specialised facial treatments

General contraindications for skin treatments Those which prevent treatment or require clearance from a medical professional to proceed and relationship to specialised facials; - bacterial, fungal, parasitic and viral infections. - cancer. - epilepsy. - pigmented lesions. - pacemakers. - recent cosmetic treatments such as injectables, Intense Pulsed Light (IPL), laser, dermabrasion. - undiagnosed lumps. Those which restrict treatment and appropriate modifications to specialised facial treatments; - allergies. - anxiety. - areas exhibiting loss of tactile sensation. - dysfunction of the nervous system. - inflammations and swellings. - medications that cause thinning or inflammation of the skin. - abnormal skin. - skin trauma. - recent scar tissue. Allergic reactions Allergic reactions are sensitivities to substances called allergens that come into contact with the skin, nose, eyes, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. They can be breathed into the lungs, swallowed, or injected. When the body senses a foreign substance, the immune system is triggered. The immune system normally protects the body from harmful agents such as bacteria and toxins. Provide specialised facial treatments

Providing after treatment service Once the facial treatment has been completed, you need to discuss the results with the client and re book for further sessions. Take home products should be recommended to maintain the skin in between treatment times. Tea Tree is often used as an ingredient in antibacterial home care products. Always follow product manufacturer’s instructions when providing advise to your client. Demonstrate the use of these products to your client. Record the results of the massage on the client consultation sheet making notes of any adverse reactions or specific concerns. Lifestyle recommendations for clients. Nourish the skin by eating the proper foods. A healthy and balanced diet promotes general well-being and allows the body to function at its best. Eat plenty of fruits that contain seeds and vegetables - organic is better as it contains additional nutrients. Drink plenty of water. The recommended eight glasses of water a day is essential in maintaining the elasticity and suppleness of skin. Water also clears the skin and aids in the proper elimination of waste. Exercise regularly. Exercise is good for the heart and the body. The skin benefits from exercise since blood circulation is increased, thus bringing oxygen and nutrients to the rest of the body. Be smoke free. Smoking tends to destroy Vitamin C in the body and damages the elastic tissues that keeps the skin tight. Alcohol tends to expand the blood vessels causing red spots and itchiness on the skin. Cleanse the skin twice a day. Cleaning plays an important part in the overall wellness of your skin. After cleansing the skin, tone and moisturise it. Protect the skin. Harsh elements can severely damage the skin and can lead to irritation and infection. Always wear sunscreen with at least SPF 15+ when out in the sun. Get plenty of rest. Give the skin time to rejuvenate and heal while sleeping. Stress is extremely bad for the skin and body. It indirectly creates instability in the hormonal system, which in turn leads to more skin problems like breakouts and acne. Provide specialised facial treatments

Glossary terms Ammeter An instrument used to measure current Ampere The unit to measure current Anion A negatively charged ion Anode Electrode connected to the positive terminal of a power source having a positive charge Atom The smallest particle of an element that can exist alone or in compounds Biphasic Current in which each alternative pulse is reversed and equally strong contractions are experienced below each electrode Capacitance The amount of charge stored between two conductors for each volt of potential difference Cathode Electrode connected to the negative terminal having a negative charge Cation A positive charged ion Circuit A number of electrical compounds connected together to form a conducting path Compound A combination of atoms Conductor Objects such as metals that are able to allow the movement of electrons and therefore conduct electricity Coulomb The unit that is approximately equal to the combined charge of 6.25 x 1018 electrons Provide specialised facial treatments

Covalent bond Chemical bond formed between atoms by the sharing of electrons Current The movement of electrical energy around a circuit Diathermy Treatment used to remove couperose Disincrustation Deep cleansing treatment for oily or congested skin Dynamic Current or moving Earthing Occurs when an object that has built up a static charge touches a metal fitting and discharges Effluvation Gentle movement of an electrode over the skin Electrical potential The ability to attract electrons Electric current A flow of negatively charged electrons Electric field Region of space where a charged object will experience an electric force and move accordingly Electrodes The two terminals of an electrolytic circuit Electrolysis The galvanic method of permanent hair removal Electron Atomic particles with a negative charge Elements The different basic atom types EMS Electrical muscle stimulation used as a treatment to induce muscle contraction Frequency The amount of oscillations per second of energy in the form of waves Galvanic treatments Treatments based on direct current Hertz The unit to measure frequency High frequency machines Machines that produce ultraviolet light and sparks to disinfect the skin Provide specialised facial treatments

Iontophoresis Treatment used to infuse products more deeply into the stratum corneum Insulator A substance that does not allow the flow of electrons Ions Atom or molecules that have lost or gained electrons hence they are charged particles that are able to conduct electricity Kilowatt Unit of measurement equal to 1000watts Kinetic energy The energy of motion Laser Acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation Matter Substance of which a physical object is composed Molecule Smallest unit of which a physical object is composed Monophasic Current that flows in one direction only Neutron Atomic particle that contains no charge Noble gases Elements such as helium, neon and argon that have full outer shell being also known as inert gases Ohm The unit that measures resistance Photons Short, continuous bundles of waves Static Not moving Thermoluminescence The principle which occurs when certain substances exposed to UVA fluoresce, producing light of different frequencies Thermolysis The alternating current form of permanent hair removal Volt The unit of potential difference Voltmeter Instrument used to measure potential difference Watt The unit used for the measurement of power Provide specialised facial treatments

Sustainability Sustainability is the ability to maintain a certain status or process in existing systems. The most frequent use of the term sustainability, is connected to biological or human systems in the context of ecology. The ability of an ecosystem to function and maintain productivity for a prolonged period is also sustainability. Sustainability in general refers to the property of being sustainable. The widely accepted definition of sustainability or sustainable development was given by World Commission on Environment and Development in It defined sustainable development as "forms of progress that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.“ Practically, sustainability refers to three broad themes, economic, social and environmental, that must all be coordinated and addressed to ensure the long term viability of a community and the planet. The primary goal of sustainable is using renewable natural resources in a manner that does not eliminate or degrade them or otherwise diminish their usefulness for future generations. Sustainable work practices; Safe disposal of all waste materials to minimise negative impact on the environment. Efficient use of energy, water and other resources used to minimise negative impact on the environment. Ensuring the practice of waste minimisation and recycling is conducted to reduce impact on the environment. Comparing availability of products, equipment and services and adjusting their use to minimise negative impact on the environment. This completes the learning material for this unit. Authors copyright is claimed in all forms of media. Moral rights are claimed in all forms of media. Intellectual property rights are asserted and maintained in all forms of media. Provide specialised facial treatments

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