1. Three-Step Memory Process EncodingStorageRetrieval integrating information into the memory system preserving encoded material in memory accessing memory from storage You meet a hot lady and learn her name. You say her name over and over in your head to memorize it. You have to recall her name when you want to snapchat her.

2. Computers Do This Same Process! EncodingStorageRetrieval You type into a computer. You hit “save” to preserve your document. You can “open” your file at a later date. We are going to focus on these two elements of memory today.

3. Methods of Encoding Visual –The encoding of images Acoustic –The encoding of sound Semantic –The encoding of meaning Of the three, semantic encoding retains the most information, combining encoding methods works even better, and attaching personal meaning is best. Self-Reference Effect: we remember more if the information is related to ourselves

4. In the next sentence, count the number of “F”s that appear There are 6 “F”s. If you counted less, you were encoding acoustically (“fs” sound like “v” in the “of” words). FINISHED FILES ARE THE RE- SULTS OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EX- PERIENCE OF YEARS.

5. Processing Memory Hippocampus – develops explicit memory for storage (does not store it!) Study of London cab drivers showed they had larger than usual hippocampi

6. Processing Memory Effortful Processing –Encoding that requires focus and concentration EXAMPLES: learning new psychology material, first learning to read or ride a bike, learning a name Automatic Processing –Encoding that does not require immediate attention EXAMPLES: where you ate yesterday, reading a book or riding a bike at age 25, what clothes you slept in last night

7. Aids for Encoding Rehearsal: repeating information continually Mnemonics: memory supports helpful to organize information –In 1492 Columbus sailed... –Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally –Freddy Krueger song –50 states song –Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums I will need a volunteer from the class for our next part…

8. Aids for Encoding 1 4 9 2 1 7 7 6 1 8 1 2 1 9 4 1 Chunking: clumping information into more manageable units Try to remember the following sixteen digit number, in order...

9. Aids for Encoding Spacing Effect: information is better retained when learned over a period of time rather than all at once

10. Eggs Butter Milk Grapes Cereal Cheese Wine Chicken Sugar Onions Cabbage Coffee Limes Alfredo Pineapple Apples Noodles Lettuce Sausage Waffles Ketchup Listen to the grocery list below. After all items have been stated, you will write down as many as you can remember. Aids for Encoding

11. Serial Position Effect: we better remember the beginning (Primacy Effect) and end (Recency Effect) of lists Aids for Encoding First items: Eggs, butter, milk, grapes, cereal, cheese, wine Middle items: Chicken, sugar, onions, cabbage, coffee, limes, alfredo Last items: Pineapple, apples, noodles, lettuce, sausage, waffles, ketchup Real Life Implications? Job Interviews! –First person interviewed gets hired 18% of the time. Last person interviewed gets hired 56% of the time.

12. Storage preserving encoded material in memory

13. Sensory Memory: the original recording of sensory data in memory Iconic memory: visual sensory memory; duration is only.3 seconds –We remember every image in perfect detail, but only for the.3 seconds –Remember... We visually encode into our iconic memory! When George Sperling flashed a group of letters for 1/20 th of a second, people could recall only about half of the letters. But when primed via a tone to recall a particular row immediately after the letters had disappeared, they could do so with almost perfect accuracy.

14. Sensory Memory: the original recording of sensory data in memory Echoic Memory: temporary auditory memory; can have a 3-4 second delay –Sometimes while you’re asking “What did you say?”, you then hear the original wording in your head

15. Short-Term Memory (also called Working Memory) functioning memory that holds information temporarily until it is stored or forgotten –Lasts about 20 seconds –Can contain 7±2 items Where in life do you see numbers 5-9 digits long? –Information we deem important is then transferred into our long-term memory How well did you perform on the “Simon” game?

16. Long-Term Memory The enduring and limitless repository of the memory system –In 2006, Japan’s Akira Haraguchi recited the first 100,000 digits of pi –Sleep plays a key function in the consolidation of memories –The Clark’s Nutcracker can locate up to 6000 caches of pine seeds it had previously buried during winter and early spring –Even if you claim you used to know something and “forgot” it, you probably didn’t; you just have trouble accessing the memory

17. Types of Memories Explicit Memories Memory of facts (declarative memories) and experiences (episodic memories) that one can deliberately identify and state –Stating how old you are –Hippocampus plays a role in forming explicit memory Implicit Memories (aka Procedural memories): Retention without cognizant recall (such as skills) –Clive Wearing still knowing how to play piano –Cerebellum plays a role in forming implicit memory

18. Flashbulb Memories an emotionally significant memory –It’s as if our brain commands, “Capture this!” –Hormones released during emotional moments enhance the memory creation Most common types: Injury/accident (18%), sports (11%), opposite sex (10%), animals (9%), deaths (5%), vacations (5%)

19. Storing Memories Memories are stored all throughout the brain – no one single “spot” Long-Term Potentiation (LTP): an increase in a synapse’s firing potential (connections)Long-Term Potentiation (LTP): an increase in a synapse’s firing potential (connections)