1. Grammar – Tenses Perfect Continuous Tenses

2. Past Participle Past participles are used for all perfect tense forms of a verb and in the passive voice in English. For regular verbs, we normally add (-ed) to form its past participle. Unfortunately for irregular verbs there are no rules and it is just a matter of practice.

3. Base FormPast SimplePast Participle awakeawokeawoken bewas, werebeen beat beaten becomebecamebecome beginbeganbegun bendbent bet bid bitebitbitten blowblewblown breakbrokebroken bringbrought broadcast buildbuilt burnburned/burnt buybought catchcaught choosechosechosen comecamecome cost cut digdug dodiddone drawdrewdrawn dreamdreamed/dreamt

4. Present Perfect Progressive Tense Structure The Present Perfect Progressive Tense is formed using the following structure: – Affirmative: Subject + have / has + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) – Negative: Subject + haven't / hasn't + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) – Question: Have / Has + Subject + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) The Present Participle and Past Participle for the verb “be” (is, am, are) is been.

5. Affirmative sentences Subject have/h as been Present Participle (verb + ing) Rest of the Sentence Ihave been studyingfor the exam. Youhavebuyinga new computer. Hehaseatingmy chocolate. Shehaswritingan e-mail. Ithas-cold this month. Wehavewinningthe championship. Youhavetryingto learn a lot. Theyhaveforgettingmy birthday.

6. Present Perfect Progressive Tense: Usage The Present Perfect Progressive Tense is used to refer to situations where the action is on-going at the current time, when there is also reference to the length of time it has been on-going. – Example: Since becoming aware of global warming, researchers have been investigating clean energy sources to replace fossil fuels. (Current situation: Researchers are investigating clean energy sources.) – Example: She has been working on her PhD for the past 12 months. (Current situation: She is working on her PhD.)

7. Present Perfect Progressive Tense: Usage The Present Perfect Progressive Tense can also be used without a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." The word “lately” or “recently” is usually used to emphasize this meaning. – Recently, I have been feeling really tired. – She has been watching too much television lately.

8. She _______________ (study) English for 5 years. Firdaus ____________________ (come) here on holiday every year since 1998. She __________________ (teach) our group for two years. How long _____________________ (you wait) here? It ____________________ (rain) for over 2 hours.

9. PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE Structure The Past Perfect Progressive Tense is formed using the following structure: – Affirmative: Subject + had + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) – Negative: Subject + had + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) – Question: Had + Subject + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) The Present Participle and Past Participle for the verb “be” (is, am, are) is been.

10. Affirmative sentences Subj ect hadbeen Present Participle (verb + ing) Rest of the Sentence I hadbeen studyingfor the exam. Youbuyinga new computer. Heeatingmy chocolate. Shewritingan e-mail. It-cold this month. Wewinningthe championship. Youtryingto learn a lot. Theyforgettingmy birthday.

11. Past Perfect Progressive Tense: Usage 1. The Past Perfect Progressive Tense is used to express longer actions in the past before another action in the past. – Example: Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours. – She had been painting the door before the dog scratched it.

12. We _________________ (sleep) for 12 hours when he woke us up. They ___________________ (wait) at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally arrived. We _____________________ (look for) her ring for two hours and then we found it in the bathroom. I _________________________ (not / walk) for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain. How long _______________________ (learn / she) English before she went to London?

13. FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE Structure The Future Perfect Progressive Tense is formed using the following structure: – Affirmative: Subject + will + have + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) – Negative: Subject + will + not + have + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) – Question: Will + Subject + have + been + Present Participle (verb + ing) The Present Participle and Past Participle for the verb “be” (is, am, are) is been.

14. Affirmative sentences Subje ct willhavebeen Present Participle (verb + ing) Rest of the Sentence I willhavebeen studyingfor the exam. Youbuyinga new computer. Heeatingmy chocolate. Shewritingan e-mail. It-cold this month. Wewinningthe championship. Youtryingto learn a lot. Theyforgettingmy birthday.

15. Future Perfect Progressive Tense: Usage The future Perfect Tense is used to talk about a long action before some point in the future. – I will have been working here for ten years next week. – He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been travelling for 24 hours.

16. By the time we get to Ipoh this evening, we ___________________ (drive) more than three hundred kilometers. We are going to be exhausted. When Sarah goes on vacation next month, she __________________ (study) German for over two years. She should be able to communicate fairly well while she is in Austria. I have not travelled much yet; however, I _________________ (visit) the Grand Canyon and San Francisco by the time I leave the United States. By the time you finish studying the verb tense, you _____________ (master) all twelve tenses. Drive faster! If you don't hurry up, she ____________________ (have) the baby by the time we get to the hospital.