1. New Colonies! APUSH A Ch. 2 and 3

2. Reasons for European Migrations to the Americas in the 17 c

3. English Migration: 1610-1660

4. Separatists vs. Puritans

5. Puritanism Calvinism  Institutes of the Christian Religion  Predestination. Good works could not save those predestined for hell. No one could be certain of their spiritual status. Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of “conversion.” Puritans:  Want to totally reform [purify] the Church of England.  Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England.

6. Separatist Beliefs:  Pilgrims (and Puritans too) who believed only “visible saints” [those who could demonstrate in front of their fellow Pilgrims their elect status] should be admitted to church membership.  Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to share churches with the “damned.”  Therefore, they believed in a total break from the Church of England. Separatists (Pilgrims)

7. The Mayflower Compact November 11, 1620 Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship. Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule.  Signed by 41 adult males. Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

8. Colonizing New England

9. John Winthrop..we shall be as a City on a hill.The eyes of all people are upon us. Well-off attorney and manor lord in England. A Modell of Christian Charity. Became 1 st governor of Massachusetts.  Believed that he had a “calling” from God to lead there.  Served as governor or deputy- governor for 19 years.

10. Land Division in Sudbury, MA: 1639-1656 What conclusions can we draw from the town set-up?

11. Characteristics of New England Settlements Low mortality  average life expectancy was 70 years of age (women into 60s). Many extended families. Average 6 children per family. Average age at marriage:  Women – 22 years old  Men – 27 years old. Authoritarian father figures controlled household.

12. Puritan “Rebels” Young, popular minister in Salem.  Argued for a full break with the Anglican Church.  Condemned MA Bay Charter. Did not give fair compensation to Indians. Did not give fair compensation to Indians.  Denied authority of civil govt. to regulate religious behavior. 1635  found guilty of preaching new & dangerous opinions and was exiled. Roger Williams

13. Intelligent, strong-willed, well-spoken Threatened patriarchal control. Antinomialism [direct revelation]  Means “against the law.”  Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of predestination.  Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.  Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either God or man, just what was “revealed” to them. Puritan “Rebels” Anne Hutchinson

14. The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637 Pequots  very powerful tribe in CT river valley. 1637  Pequot War  Whites, with Narragansett Indian allies, attacked Pequot village on Mystic River.  Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors!  Pequot tribe virtually annihilated  an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.

15. Population of the New England Colonies

16. New England Colonies, 1650

17. Only hope for Native Americans to resist white settlers was to UNITE. Metacom [King Philip to white settlers]  Massasoit’s son united Indians and staged coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New England.  Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston. King Philip’s War (1675-1676}

18. The war ended in failure for the Indians  Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered.  His son and wife sold into slavery.  Never a serious threat in New England again!! King Philip’s War (1675-1676}

19. Why did the Salem Witch Trials happen? http://youtu.be/zrzMhU_4m-g Spectral evidence? Bored girls afraid of getting caught? Product of class tensions and resentments? Anger over social and economic grievances? An attack on property-owning women? A reflection of the uneasy times?

20. New Netherlands (New York) New Netherlands  founded in the Hudson River area (1623-1624)  Established by Dutch West India Company for quick-profit fur trade.  Company wouldn’t pay much attention to the colony.  Manhattan [New Amsterdam]  Purchased by Company for pennies per (22,000) acre.

21. Company town run in interests of the stockholders. No interest in religious toleration, free speech, or democracy. Governors appointed by the Company were autocratic. Religious dissenters against Dutch Reformed Church [including Quakers] were persecuted. Local assembly with limited power to make laws established after repeated protests by colonists. New Amsterdam Harbor, 1639

22. Hudson River Aristocrats in Colonial New York

23. New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Colony Charles II granted New Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of York, [before he controlled the area!] 1664  English soldiers arrived.  Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses.  Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a shot. Renamed “New York”  England gained strategic harbor between her northern & southern colonies.  England now controlled the Atlantic coast!

24. Aristocratic Englishman. 1660 – attracted to the Quaker faith. Embraced Quakerism after military service. 1681  he received a grant from king to establish a colony.  This settled a debt the king owed his father.  Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s Woodland”]. He sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers  his pamphlets were pretty honest.  Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants. William Penn

25. The Quakers Called Quakers because they “quaked” during intense religious practices. They offended religious & secular leaders in England.  Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England.  They met without paid clergy  Believed all were children of God – “inner light”  refused to treat the upper classes with deference.  Keep hats on.  Addressed them as commoners  ”thees”/“thous.”  Wouldn’t take oaths.  Pacifists.

26. Pennsylvanian Society Attracted many different people  Religious misfits from other colonies.  Many different ethnic groups (Germans) No provision for military defense (problems later) No restrictions on immigration. No slavery!! “Blue Laws” [sumptuary laws]  against stage plays, cards, dice, excessive hilarity, etc. A society that gave its citizens economic opportunity, civil liberty, & religious freedom!!

27. 1606-1607  40 people died on the voyage to the New World. 1609  another ship from England lost its leaders and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda. Settlers died by the dozens! “Gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves.  Game in forests & fish in river uncaught. Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of hunting or farming. The Jamestown Nightmare

28. High Mortality Rates The “Starving Time”: 1607: 104 colonists By spring, 1608: 38 survived 1609: 300 more immigrants By spring, 1610: 60 survived 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants 1624 population: 1,200 Adult life expectancy: 40 years Death of children before age 5: 80%

29. “Widowarchy”“Widowarchy” High mortality among husbands and fathers left many women in the Chesapeake colonies with unusual autonomy and wealth!

30. Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse.  General mistrust because of different cultures & languages.  English raided Indian food supplies during the starving times. 1610-1614  First Anglo-Powhatan War  De La Warr had orders to make war on the Indians.  Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields. Culture Clash in the Chesapeake

31. 1644-1646  Second Anglo-Powhatan War  Last effort of natives to defeat English.  Indians defeated again. Peace Treaty of 1646  Removed the Powhatans from their original land.  Formally separated Indian and English settlement areas! Culture Clash in the Chesapeake

32. Urban Population Growth 1650 - 1775 Since all of these towns are ports, why do you think Philly and New York grew faster than Boston or Charleston?

33. Population Comparisons: New England v. the Chesapeake Why is there such a difference in the life expectancy between the Chesapeake region and New England?

34. Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.  High number of Protestants threatened because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics. Maryland Toleration Act of 1649  Supported by the Catholics in MD.  Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.  Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].  In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!! Maryland A Haven for Catholics

35. Early Colonial Tobacco 1618 1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco. 1622 1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco. 1627 1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco. 1629 1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

36. Indentured Servitude Headright System:  Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid. Indenture Contract:  5-7 years.  Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]  Forbidden to marry.  1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!

37. The Atlantic Slave Trade

38. Why did African slavery develop? Labor in high demand; More profitable than IS; Wages in Europe went up; Africans different b/c of skin color; - So, what came first: racism or slavery?

39. Beginning in 1662  “Slave Codes”  Made blacks [and their children] property, or chattel for life of white masters.  In some colonies, it was a crime to teach a slave to read or write.  Conversion to Christianity did not qualify the slave for freedom. Colonial Slavery

40. Slave production of tobacco from the 1670s

41. What did slaves do in America? They did the hard work of building the country. Field workers House laborers Skilled craftsmen

42. Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley  Rebels resented Berkeley’s close relations with Indians.  Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area.  Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements. Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 Nathaniel Bacon Governor William Berkeley

43. It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations.  Socio-economic class differences/clashes between rural and urban communities would continue throughout American history. Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel  BLACK SLAVES!! Results of Bacon’s Rebellion

44. Where were the slaves located? Slave population by region (1760s) New England – 16,000 Middle colonies – 29,000 Southern – 200,000 Map of America in 1790

45. 18c Southern Colonies

46. The West Indies  Way Station to Mainland America 1670  a group of small English farmers from the West Indies arrived in Carolina.  Were squeezed out by sugar barons.  Brought a few black slaves and a model of the Barbados slave code with them. Names for King Charles II. The King granted Carolina to 8 supporters [Lord Proprietors].  They hoped to use Carolina to supply their plantations in Barbados with food and export wine, silk, and olive oil to Europe.

47. The Emergence of North Carolina Northern part of Carolina shared a border with VA  VA dominated by aristocratic planters who were generally Church of England members.  Dissenters from VA moved south to northern Carolina.  Poor farmers with little need for slaves.  Religious dissenters. Distinctive traits of North Carolinians  Irreligious & hospitable to pirates.  Strong spirit of resistance to authority. 1712  NC officially separated from SC.

48. The primary export. Rice was still an exotic food in England.  Was grown in Africa, so planters imported West African slaves.  These slaves had a genetic trait that made them immune to malaria. By 1710  black slaves were a majority in (South) Carolina. Crops of the Carolinas / Georgia : Rice American Long Grain Rice

49. More Crops of Carolinas / Georgia: Indigo In colonial times, the main use for indigo was as a dye for spun cotton threads that were woven into cloth for clothes. Today in the US, the main use for indigo is a dye for cotton work clothes & blue jeans.

50. Georgia--The “Buffer” Colony Chief Purpose of Creating Georgia:  As a “buffer” between the valuable Carolinas & Spanish Florida & French Louisiana.  Received subsidies from British govt. to offset costs of defense.  Export silk and wine.  A haven for debtors thrown in to prison. Determined to keep slavery out!  Slavery found in GA by 1750.

51. Triangular Trade, sort of. http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/ applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u3/ http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/ applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u3/