1. Continental Disc Corporation LaMot Corporation Groth Corporation Pressure/Vacuum Relief Devices

2. Ensure Safety of Personnel and the Environment Protect Expensive Capital Equipment Improve Productivity & Profitability Engineered Products Selected on Performance & Reliability

3. Prevent Collapse or Rupture Pressure Vessels & Storage Tanks

4. Pressure/Vacuum Relief Devices Application Criteria Normal Process Activity Expected Process Upset Unexpected Process Upset Failure of Final Control Element Mechanical Failure of Pressure System Component Operator Error Fire Exposure

5. Pressure/Vacuum Relief Devices

6. End Users of Pressure/Vacuum Relief Devices Petrochemical/Chemical Akzo Nobel Chemicals MCA Co. Ltd. BASF British Petroleum (BP) Chevron Chevron Oronite Pte Ltd China American Petroleum Co. Ltd. (CAPCO) China General Plastics Corp. China Petrochemical International Dow Chemical E.I. Dupont de Nemours Ecogreen Oleochemicals Pte Ltd Formosa Petrochemical Corp.

7. End Users of Pressure/Vacuum Relief Devices Petrochemical/Chemical (cont) Formosa Plastics Corp. Grand Union Chemical Corp. (UPC Technology Corp.) Hyundai Petrochemical Company Jin Hua Chemical (Group) Corp Monsanto (Solutia) Nan Ya Plastics Corp. Phillips China Inc. Samsung Petrochemicals San-Fu Chemical Corp. Shell SINOPEC Urumqi Paraxylene Taiwan SM Corp.

8. End Users of Pressure/Vacuum Relief Devices Petrochemical/Chemical (cont) Taiwan Vaqua Taiwan VCM Corp. TCC Chemical Corp. Taiwan Chlorine Texaco Tuntex Petrochemicals Inc.

9. End Users of Pressure/Vacuum Relief Devices Pharmaceutical Abbott Labs Aventis Pharma Mfg Pte Ltd Boehringer Ingelheim Shanghai Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd Eli Lilly Company Genentech Hangzhou MSD Pharmaceutical Co Ltd Merck Sharpe & Dohme Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Roche Pharmaceuticals Schering Plough Upjohn Suzhou Pharmaceutical Co. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals

10. End Users of Pressure/Vacuum Relief Devices Raw Minerals ALCOA Bethlehem Steel Corp. China Steel Corp. Codelco Mining Comico Lead Smelting Kaiser Aluminum Kennicutt Copper Mining Xiamen Nonmetal Minerals I&E Co Ltd Pulp & Paper Boise Cascade Canfor Pulp Mills Norske Skog Pulp Mills Food & Beverage AGYDSA (vegetable oil) GHC (margarine) Hubei Angel Yeast Miller Brewing Company Tropicana Orange Juice

11. Textiles Courtaulds Fibres Formosa Chemical & Fibre Corp. Hangzhou Huachun Chemical Fiber Co Ltd Shinkong Synthetic Fibers Corp. Geothermal Plants Water & Waste Treatment Plants Intermodal Storage/Transportation End Users of Pressure/Vacuum Relief Devices

12. OEM Applications Pressure/Vacuum Relief Devices Oil & Gas (Skid Mfrs) Halliburton Hanover Maintech Kvearner Sulzer Sterilizers/Purifiers Steris Finn-Aqua US Filter Industrial Gases Air Products & Chemicals BOC CHART Cryogenic Equipment Praxair Taylor-Wharton Extruders Berstorff Davis Standard

13. Hydraulic & Pneumatic Equipment Refrigeration Equipment Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers Separators Batteries Transformers Braking Systems Fire Suppression Systems Life Support Systems OEM Applications Pressure/Vacuum Relief Devices

14. Governing Code/Law Recommended Practice/Guidance 15 psig Pressure Vessels ASME Section VIII API RP520 Storage Tanks API 620 & API 650 (< 2.5 psig) API 2000 Venting API 2521 & API 2523 Evaporation Loss

15. API Standard 620 Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks 6.2Pressure Limits 6.2.1Maximum Allowable Pressure Rise 110% MAWP 6.2.2Fire Exposure (external sources of heat) 120% MAWP 6.2.3Maximum Partial Vacuum 100% MAWV

16. API Standard 2000 Venting Atmospheric and Low- Pressure Storage Tanks Nonrefrigerated and Refrigerated 4.2Causes of Overpressure or Vacuum Liquid movement into or out of tank Tank breathing due to weather changes Fire exposure Other circumstances resulting from equipment failures and operating errors

17. API Standard 2000 2.5.1.2 Pressure/Vacuum Relief Valves are recommended for use on atmospheric storage tanks in which petroleum or petroleum products with a flashpoint below 100°F are stored and for use on tanks containing petroleum or petroleum products where the fluid temperature may exceed the flash point.

18. Other Reasons For Using P/V Relief Valve Closed System Hazardous Material Product Contamination Minimize Corrosion of Tank Inhibit Fire Propagation Minimize Product Loss due to Evaporation

19. API Model Equation For Tank Breathing Loss L y = Breathing loss, in barrels per year TPY = Turnovers per year P = True vapor pressure in pounds per sq. inch absolute D= Diameter of tank in feet H= Average outage (height) in feet T= Average daily ambient temperature change F p = Paint factor Small diameter tanks under 20' require a modification of the above equation. Factor "C" must be added. L y = TPY P 100014.7 – P 0.68 D 1.73 H 0.51 T 0.50 F P ( )

20. Evaporation Loss Gasoline Free Vent vs P/V Valve @ 1/2 oz/in 2

21. Evaporation Loss P/V Valve @ Higher Settings API Bulletin 2521 – Use of Pressure-Vacuum Vent Valves for Atmospheric Pressure Tanks to Reduce Evaporation Loss Increasing P/V Setting from 1/2 oz/in 2 to 1-1/2 oz/in 2 reduces losses by 7% Using previous example of 100 ft dia. tank - Additional annual savings of ~ $3,900

22. Minimizing Evaporation Loss Increase P/V Settings Slightly Diminishing Rate of Savings Tank Blanketing Systems Vapor Recovery Systems Real Economic Benefits - ROI

23. Varec (Tyco) Anderson Greenwood (Tyco) Protectoseal Protego (GMBH) Enardo Shand & Jurs (L & J Technologies) OCECO Baily, Birkett, Marvac, Amal, Marston (Safety Systems UK) Competition

24. P/V Relief Valve Technologies/Products Weight Loaded Pressure 0.5 oz/in 2 to 1 psig Vacuum 0.5 to 16 oz/in 2 Optimum Flow @ 100% OP Tamperproof Lowest Cost Weight

25. Model 1220A

27. P/V Relief Valve Technologies/Products Spring Loaded Pressure 1 to 15 psig Vacuum 0.5 to 16 oz/in 2 (SL Vacuum 1 to 12 psig) Optimum Flow @ 100% OP Adjustable* Higher Cost Lowest Height & Weight

28. P/V Relief Valve SIZING

29. P/V Relief Valve Technologies/Products Pilot Operated (1400 pictured) Pressure 2 inwc to 15 psig Vacuum 0.5 ozin 2 to 12 psig Optimum Flow @ 10% OP Bubble Tight Sealing to 95% Precision Setting Adjustment

30. Sense Chamber Pilot Exhaust Actuator Diaphragm Outlet Main Valve Seat Pallet Adjustable orifice Pilot Pickup Inlet

31. Sense Chamber Pilot Exhaust Actuator Diaphragm Outlet Main Valve Seat Pallet Adjustable orifice Pilot Pickup Outlet

32. Pilot Operated Valves Not Recommended Particulates are Present Slurry, Resins, Dirty Service Product Overflow is Possible (Pilot Saturation)

33. Blanket Gas Regulators Balanced Chambers Single Stage 0.5 inwc to 200 psig Setting Range 0.5 to 8 inwc Bubble Tight Shutoff Precision Setting Adjustment All Stainless Steel Construction Compact Design

34. Model 3011 Inlet (Supply) Outlet (Tank) Sense Port (Tank)

35. Model 3011 PUSH-PUSH = BLANCED PISTON

36. Model 3011 1. Tank pressure drops 2. Spring Force overcomes Diaphragm Housing Force 3. Piston Assembly moves down 4. Flow through Regulator Force (spring) Force (tank pressure)

37. Model 3011 Blanket Gas Regulator Blanket Gas Delivery Device, Not a Pressure Reducing Regulator

38. Emergency Pressure Relief Valves Weight Loaded with Manhole Cover (pictured) Pressure 1.5 oz/in 2 to 15 psig Vacuum 0.5 to 4 oz/in 2 Protects Tank from External Fire Exposure Protects Against Flash Reseats

39. FULL TANK PROTECTION SYSTEM

40. Design Tank Pressure (MAWV) ERV Relieving Full Flow ERV Setting PRV Relieving Full Flow Working Band Pilot Operated PRV Setting Blanketing System Closes Blanketing System Start Open Atmospheric Pressure Vacuum Valve Setting 7.5 6.0 5.4 0.57 0.50 Design Pressure (MAWP) 15% 9.0 0 25% 10% 15% Blanketing System Full Open 0.43 15%Droop> Lockup>

41. Flame Arresters Vertical Horizontal Sizes 2” through 60” FM Certified Wafer Design for Quick and Easy Maintenance Wound, Crimped Ribbon Flame Element Bi-Directional

42. Flame Arrester Piping Protected Side Flame Front Arrester element disperses and quenches flame front Flame Arresters

43. PRRV & Flame Arrester

44. “Closed tank principle” “Too rich” principle “Pressure when open” principle Vacuum intake is usually non- combustible “air” Vapor is not escaping under vacuum condition PVRV & Flame Arrester Not Needed per API

45. Not Needed?

46. Detonation Flame Arresters

47. Detonation Flame Arrestors

48. Vapor Recovery System

49. Governing Code/Law Recommended Practice/Guidance 15 psig Pressure Vessels ASME Section VIII API RP520 Storage Tanks API 620 & API 650 (< 2.5 psig) API 2000 Venting API 2521 Evaporation Loss

50. ASME Section VIII contains … Mandatory requirements Specific prohibitions Nonmandatory guidance … for construction of pressure vessels that will perform in a safe and reliable manner.

51. The unique characteristics of the pressure vessel and its contained process Code requirements and prohibitions General capabilities and limitations of various pressure relieving device technologies “… engineering judgment must be employed in the selection of those sets of code rules suitable to any specific service or need.”

52. ASME Section VIII Considered a Single Device –Neither component can be Rated higher than MAWP of Vessel ASME … “coincident operation” API RP520 … “close coupled” –Maximum Allowable Pressure Rise 110% MAWP 3 psi when MAWP < 30 psi PRV Capacity must be Derated –0.9 or Certified Combination Factor Non-fragmenting RD Design Telltale Assembly

53. ASME Section VIII Multiple Devices (Not Fire Safety) –One Device can not be Rated higher than MAWP of Vessel –Additional Device(s) can not be Rated higher than 105% MAWP –Maximum Allowable Pressure Rise 116% MAWP 4 psi when MAWP < 25 psi Supplemental Fire Safety Device –Supplemental Device can not be Rated higher than 110% MAWP –Maximum Allowable Pressure Rise 121% MAWP

54. ASME Section VIII Single Device (also Fire Safety) –Device can not be Rated higher than MAWP of Vessel –Maximum Allowable Pressure Rise 110% MAWP 3 psi when MAWP < 30 psi Fire Safety Capacity –Maximum Allowable Pressure Rise 121% MAWP

55. ASME Section VIII Multiple Devices (also Fire Safety) –One Device can not be Rated higher than MAWP of Vessel –Additional Device(s) can not be Rated higher than 105% MAWP –Maximum Allowable Pressure Rise 116% MAWP 4 psi when MAWP < 25 psi Fire Safety Capacity –Maximum Allowable Pressure Rise 121% MAWP

56. ASME Section VIII Single Fire Safety Device (For special category of nonrefrigerated liquefied compressed gas storage vessels) –Device can not be Rated higher than MAWP of Vessel –Maximum Allowable Pressure Rise 120% MAWP

57. ASME Section VIII Rupture Disc Specifications Burst Tolerance (Rupture Disc/Holder Assembly) Applied to Rated (Marked) Burst Pressure @ Temperature + 2 psi (+ 0.138 bar) for Rated Burst Pressures < 40 psi (2.76 bar) + 5% for Rated Burst Pressures > 40 psi (2.76 bar) 10 barg + 5% EXAMPLE: Rated 10 barg @ 150 °C Burst Tolerance: 9.5 MIN to 10.5 MAX barg @ 150 °C

58. ASME Section VIII Rupture Disc Specifications Manufacturing Range (Economics) Range of pressure within which the Rated (Marked) Burst Pressure must fall to be acceptable for a particular requirement as agreed upon between the Manufacturer and the User EXAMPLE: Rated 10 barg @ 150 °C -10% Mfg Rng: 9 to 10 barg @ 150 °C Mfg Lot Burst Tests Results: 9.2 barg & 9.3 barg Marked: Burst Pressure 9.25 barg @ 150 °C 10 barg -10% 9.25 + 5%

59. Operating Ratio Maximum Normal Operating Pressure divided by Rated Burst Pressure BP MNOP BP (100) = OR (%) ASME Section VIII Rupture Disc Specifications

60. EXAMPLE: MAWP = 10 barg. MNOP = 7.5 barg. Rupture Disc OR = 90%. Operating Ratio & Manufacturing Range What is minimum Rated Burst Pressure that can be specified? 7.5 / 0.9 = 8.34 barg If ZERO Mfg Rng: Burst Rating may be specified 8.34 to 10 barg Can a Disc be specified with –5% Mfg Rng to reduce price? 7.5 / 0.9 / 0.95 = 8.78 If –5% Mfg Rng: Burst Rating may be specified 8.78 to 10 barg Can a Disc be specified with –10% Mfg Rng to reduce price further? 7.5 / 0.9 / 0.9 = 9.26 If –10% Mfg Rng: Burst Rating may be specified 9.26 to 10 barg

61. Rupture Disc Technologies Tension Type Discs Tensile loading of Disc As Burst Rating is approached, Rupture Disc dome expands Composite designs Vacuum sensitivity Engineered performance Material strength Thickness Form

62. Rupture Disc Technologies Reverse Acting Discs Compressive loading of Disc As Burst Rating is reached, Rupture Disc reverses – snap acting Knife blades or scoring control metal shearing Engineered performance Material strength Thickness Form Stress concentration

63. Tension Type Rupture Discs 30° Seat 70% Operating Ratio Standard Mfg Rng Fragmenting Gas/Vapor/Liquid Service Standard 30° or Flat Seat 80% Operating Ratio Standard Mfg Rng Non-Fragmenting designs Gas/Vapor/Liquid Service Composite

64. Tension Type Rupture Discs Flat Seat 80% Operating Ratio Reduced Mfg Rng Non-Fragmenting Gas/Vapor/Liquid Service Cross Scored Flange Connected 50% Operating Ratio Bi-Directional Non-Fragmenting Gas/Vapor/Liquid Service Flat Composite

65. Tension Type Rupture Discs Flange Connected 80% Operating Ratio 90% (Static Applications) ZERO Mfg Rng Fragmenting Gas/Vapor/Liquid Service Graphite

66. Reverse Acting Rupture Discs Flat Seat 90% Operating Ratio ZERO Mfg Rng Non-Fragmenting Gas/Vapor Service Flat Seat 90% Operating Ratio ZERO Mfg Rng Non-Fragmenting Gas/Vapor Service Knife Blades Cross Scored

67. Reverse Acting Rupture Discs Flat Seat 90% Operating Ratio ZERO Mfg Rng Non-Fragmenting Gas/Vapor/Liquid Service Semicircular Scored

68. Double Acting Rupture Discs Flat Seat 80/90% Operating Ratio Bi-Directional ZERO Mfg Rng Non-Fragmenting Gas/Vapor Service Composite Knife Blade

69. Pressure Relief Device Technology Pressure Relief Valve Reclosing Rupture Disc Nonreclosing Minimize product release & process downtime

70. Pressure Relief Device Technology Pressure Relief Valve Adjustable Rupture Disc Fixed Rating Capable of readjustment and recertification to meet revised system requirements

71. Pressure Relief Device Technology Pressure Relief Valve Reusable Rupture Disc Single Event Assumes economic benefit … Evaluate costs

72. Pressure Relief Device Technology Pressure Relief ValveRupture Disc Corrosion Resistance Initial Capital Investment Maintenance Costs Leakage Rate Size/Relieving Capacity

73. Pressure Relief Device Technology Pressure Relief ValveRupture Disc “Problem” Media Clean Sweep Assembly

74. Pressure Relief Device Technology Pressure Relief ValveRupture Disc Product Purity

75. Specifying Pressure Relief Devices in Compliance with ASME Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Division 1 Marriage of Technologies

76. Leakage Prevention –Fugitive Emissions Media Compatibility –Availability/Cost of PRV in exotic materials of construction Reduced Operating Costs –Maintenance requirements due to corrosion, media deposition, etc. –PRV test requirements/methods Pressure Relief Valve Isolation

77. Multiple Pressure Relief Devices in Parallel Redundancy –Local Codes –Plant Standards EXAMPLE: Cryogenic application PRV – Primary relief Minimize product loss RD – Protect against PRV freezing – Protect against PRV orifice closing up due to frosting

78. Multiple Pressure Relief Devices in Parallel Capacity Requirement –PRV Size limitation Fire Safety System Performance and/or Economics

79. Yoked Pressure Relieving Assembly Continuous Service –“Reclosing” –In-Service maintenance or replacement

80. Leakage Prevention –Corrosive or toxic media –Identify breach of primary seal prior to rupture Double Disc Assembly

81. BS&B Fike OSECO Marston (Safety Systems UK) Elfab Rembe Competition

82. 30° Seat

83. BS&B 30° Seat

84. Fike 30° Seat

85. OSECO 30° Seat

86. Rembe 30° Seat

87. Reverse Cross Scored

94. Nomenclature Schema